1 Introduction  12

1.1 Research question and methodology  13

1.2 Outline  14

2 AfD in context  16

2.1 An evolving foreign policy  16

2.2 Emergence and radicalisation  17

2.2.1 Right-wing radicalisation  18

2.3 In the German party landscape  20

2.4 Intra-party competition and divided leadership  23

3 AfD's foreign policy preferences  25

3.1 Realpolitik in a multipolar order  25

3.1.1 Abandoning values, prioritising economic interests  26

3.1.2 Reforming institutions, changing cooperation patterns  27

3.2 Ideologically and tactically driven Russia policy  28

3.2.1 Agreement on Ukraine and energy policy  28

3.2.2 Different visions of German-Russian relations  29

3.3 The dilemma of transatlantic relations  31

3.3.1 Emphasizing sovereignty  32

3.3.2 A multifaceted anti-Americanism  33

3.3.3 Ideological rapprochement  35

3.4 European defence: With or without institutions  36

3.4.1 A conditional NATO membership  37

4 Discussion: A departure from German foreign policy?  39

4.1 Main differences compared to current policy  39

4.1.1 A departure from Western institutions  39

4.1.2 Abandoning Ukraine, rejecting enlargement  40

4.1.3 Reforming trade and energy policy  40

4.2 Preconditions for influence and change  41

4.2.1 Coalition dynamics  41

4.2.2 Features of populist governance  42

5 Conclusion  44

Bibliography  46

Contributors  53