Introduction  1

What Are Data Centers?  2

Data Center Water Use  2

How Do Data Centers Use Water?  2

What Are Some Potential Options to Reduce Water Used by Data Centers?  3

Water Sources and Authorities  4

What Are the Potential Water Sources Available for Data Centers?  4

What Drives a Data Center's Water Demand?  5

Do Data Center Operators Pay to Use the Water from Public Water Systems? What Determines the Price They Pay?  6

Why Are Local Water Authorities and the States the Main Entities Determining If Water Is Available for Data Centers?  7

Are There U.S. Data Centers That Directly Source Their Water?  9

Are Federal Reservoirs and Infrastructure Providing Water to Data Centers?  10

How Does and Can the Federal Government Support State and Local Water Supply Planning, Including for Data Centers?  12

What Are the Available Data on Data Center Water Use?  13

What Is the Current Federal Role in Assessing Data Center Water Use and Its Effect on Water Resources?  14

What Is Water Reuse?  16

Does the Federal Government Have a Role in Regulating Water Reuse?  16

Water Quality Impacts from Data Center Discharges  18

What Types of Water-Related Discharges Do Data Centers Generate?  18

Wastewater  18

Stormwater  19

Discharges of Dredged or Fill Material for Development  19

What Types of Pollutants Do Data Centers Discharge in Their Wastewater?  20

How Are Water-Related Discharges from Data Centers Regulated at the Federal Level?  21

Regulation of Discharges of Dredged or Fill Material  21

Regulation of Stormwater  22

Regulation of Wastewater  23

Congressional Action  26

Which Bills Have Been Introduced in the 119th Congress That Address Data Centers and Water?  26