Foreword  III

Acknowledgements  IV

Abbreviations  VII

Executive summary  IX

Part 1.  A broad view of lifelong learning  XXIV

Chapter 1.  Exploring lifelong learning: History and concepts of skills promotion  1

1.1.  Introduction  1

1.2.  Historical evolution of the lifelong learning concept  3

1.2.1.  From lifelong education to lifelong learning  3

1.2.2.  The ILO and lifelong learning  11

1.3.  Constructing a definition of lifelong learning  13

1.3.1.  Lifelong learning in ILO instruments and other key documents  13

1.3.2.  Stakeholder perspectives on lifelong learning in the world of work  16

1.3.3.  Definition of lifelong learning  18

1.4.  Operationalizing lifelong learning  19

1.4.1.  Conceptual framework of lifelong learning used in this report  19

1.4.2.  Lifelong learning as a system: Challenges and implementation  22

1.4.3.  Diversity in the evolution of lifelong learning systems  23

1.5.  Conclusion  25

References  26

Chapter 2.  Lifelong learning worldwide: Measuring its three dimensions  35

2.1.  Introduction  35

2.2.  Lifelong learning in education  37

2.2.1.  Investment in education  38

2.2.2.  Educational outcomes and exclusion  39

2.3.  Lifelong learning in the world of work  44

2.3.1.  Overview of learning in the world of work  47

2.3.2.  Different types of lifelong learning in the world of work  52

2.3.3.  The central role of employers' and workers' organizations  63

2.4.  Broader societal learning dimension  63

2.4.1.  Engagement in opportunities for societal learning  64

2.4.2.  Willingness to learn in society  65

2.5.  Conclusion  68

References  69

Part 2.  Skills for transformation and resilience  74

Chapter 3.  The case for skills development: Which skills and for what?  75

3.1.  Introduction  75

3.2.  Data and approach  77

3.3.  Assessing employers' demand and workers' supply of skills  82

3.3.1.  Skills requirements in employers' vacancies  82

3.3.2.  Skills supplied by workers  89

3.4.  Skills bundles and skills interconnectedness  93

3.4.1.  Identifying skill interconnections  94

3.4.2.  Characterizing skill interconnections  99

3.5.  Skills for better-quality employment opportunities  103

3.5.1.  How skills influence wage levels  103

3.5.2.  The relationship between skills and non-wage attributes  109

3.6.  Conclusion  117

References  118

Chapter 4.  The role of skills amid global transformations  127

4.1.  Introduction  127

4.2.  Valuing skills in care work to accompany demographic shifts  129

4.2.1.  Rising demand for care work  129

4.2.2.  Paid care workers and their working conditions  131

4.2.3.  Valuation of paid care workers' skills  133

4.3.  Skills to navigate the green transition  136

4.3.1.  Environmental transformations and their impact on labour markets  136

4.3.2.  Identifying green skills  137

4.3.3.  "Greenness" of jobs and occupations  141

4.3.4.  Beyond green skills: Skills for green jobs  145

4.3.5.  Job quality and equity  148

4.4.  Skills for adaptability in the digital transformation  152

4.4.1.  Digital transformation and its impact on labour markets  152

4.4.2.  Skills as a driver of resilience  158

4.5.  Conclusion  162

References  164

Part 3.  Making lifelong learning systems deliver  172

Chapter 5.  Delivering on lifelong learning: Policy solutions for skills provision  173

5.1.  Introduction  173

5.2.  Challenges to lifelong learning provision and adoption  174

5.2.1.  Barriers hindering individuals' participation  174

5.2.2.  Institutional barriers to delivery  177

5.3.  Performance and effectiveness of lifelong learning systems  180

5.3.1.  Coordination and governance as drivers of performance  180

5.3.2.  Improving skills programmes: What we know from evidence  183

5.3.3.  What works in skills programmes: Evidence from a meta-analysis  187

5.4.  Financing lifelong learning  192

5.4.1.  The state of financing lifelong learning  193

5.4.2.  Effectiveness of financial mechanisms beyond formal training  198

5.5.  Conclusion  203

References  204