Summary  4

Prevalence and trends  4

Impacts of screen and AI use  4

Policy  5

Scope  5

Acknowledgements  6

1 Background  7

1.1 What is 'screen use'?  8

1.2 What is 'AI use'?  8

1.3 Policy, legislation and guidance  9

2 Screen use and AI use trends  11

2.1 Screen use across age groups  11

2.2 AI use across age groups  12

2.3 Screen and AI use inequalities  14

3 Impacts of screen use and AI on children's development  16

3.1 Interpreting the evidence  16

3.2 Social and emotional development  16

3.3 Cognitive impacts  18

3.4 Health impacts  20

3.5 Financial outcomes  23

3.6 Exposure to online harms  24

4 Policy approaches and potential considerations  27

4.1 Mobile phone bans in schools  27

4.2 Design-based approaches  29

4.3 Digital literacy, skills and awareness  29

References  31

Contributors  42