Glossary  5

Executive Summary  6

Climate-Related Investment Needs and Financing Flows  8

Channels Affecting Private Climate Finance Flows  12

Macro-structural reforms  14

Climate Measures  17

Blended Finance  20

The Role of Budget and International Concessional Financing  23

Conclusion  25

Annex 1. Estimating climate finance needs and barriers to scale up climate finance in EMDEs  27

Annex 2. Typology of private climate finance instruments.  32

References  38