Foreword  3

Acknowledgements  4

Executive summary  7

1 The link between agri-food systems and the environment  9

The impact of agriculture on the environment  9

Co-benefits of sustainable agricultural practices to the ecosystem  10

Environmental impact assessments and climate risk assessments  15

Monitoring climate impacts in agriculture using satellite technology  16

Environmental checklist for agri-food projects  18

2 Adaptation in agri-food projects  20

Adaptation measures in the agricultural sector  20

Indicators to assess environmental outcomes and adaptation in agri-food projects  22

Environmental capitals  23

Agricultural practice change  29

Long-term resilience and sustainability  32

3 Mitigation in agri-food projects  36

Mitigation measures in the agri-food sector  36

Indicators to assess mitigation in agri-food projects  38

Mitigation enablers  40

Socio-economic drivers  45

Estimating the carbon footprint of projects to track mitigation progress  46

4 Policy implications  55

Linking project results to policymaking  55

Building capacities and empowering citizens for better policies  57

Ensuring policy coherence  59

Designing the right incentives and policy instruments  60

Supporting NDCs and NAPs implementation  64

References  66

Note  76