Foreword 3

Acknowledgments 4

Executive summary 8

1 Overview 11

  History and scope of the Recommendation 12

  Context and overview of developments 14

  Purpose and methodology 26

  References 26

2 Risk governance – an all-hazards and transboundary approach 29

  Developing national strategies for the governance of critical risks 30

  Assigning leadership for critical risks at the national level 34

  Engaging government actors at national and sub-national levels to co-ordinate policymaking 41

  Establishing partnerships with the private sector to achieve shared responsibilities aligned with the national strategy 45

  References 49

3 Risk anticipation – from critical risk assessments to financing frameworks 52

  Identification and assessment of critical hazards and threats 54

  Developing risk anticipation capacity linked to decision making 59

  Monitoring and strengthening core risk management capacities 63

  Minimising the impacts of critical risks on public finances and countries’ fiscal position 66

  References 72

4 Raising awareness of critical risks and fostering investments in risk prevention and

  mitigation 75

  Encouraging a whole-of-society approach to risk communication 77

  Encouraging business continuity planning with focus on critical infrastructure operators 94

  Business continuity planning in critical infrastructure networks 95

  References 103

5 Developing adaptive capacity in crisis management by co-ordinating resources across government, its agencies and broader networks 109

  References 130

6 Demonstrating transparency and accountability in risk-related decision making and continuously learning from experience 135

  References 153

7 Conclusions 156

  References 161

Annex A. Technical notes 162