Introduction 4

Chapter 1: Estimated emissions from liquefied natural gas 6

  Summary 6

  Production and processing 10

  Transmission 16

  Liquefaction 17

  Shipping 18

  Regasification 20

Chapter 2: Emissions reduction opportunities and costs 22

  Summary 22

  Reducing methane emissions 26

  Reducing flaring 29

  Increasing process efficiency 31

  Electrification 37

  Carbon capture, utilisation and storage 41

Chapter 3: Policy and finance considerations 43

  Summary 43

  Policies 45

  Voluntary initiatives 49

  Finance 52

Technical annex 56

  Data sources and limitations 56

  Estimating emissions 56

  Abatement and electrification cost estimates 60