1 Introduction 8

  1.1 Context for low-carbon electricity 8

    Increase in clean energy deployment 8

    Why supply chains are important 8

  1.2 Supply chains: Definitions 8

2 Energy infrastructure supply chains by stage 10

  2.1 Upstream 10

    UK capability 10

  2.2 Midstream 11

    UK capability 11

  2.3 Downstream 12

    Current state 12

    UK manufacturing overview 14

    UK end-of-life recovery 15

3 Global Challenges 17

  3.1 Global supply chains 17

    Geographic concentration 17

    Competition 17

4 UK challenges 18

  4.1 General challenges 18

  4.2 Supply chain data gaps 18

  4.3 Lack of certainty 19

    Decision-making process 19

    Policy delays 19

    Permits 19

    Policy fragmentation 19

  4.4 Skills 20

5 UK opportunities 21

  5.1 Creating demand confidence 21

  5.2 Identifying UK niches 21

    Electricity Networks Sector Growth Plan 21

  5.3 Manufacturing 22

    Clean Energy Industries Sector Plan 22

    Battery technologies 22

    Strong service industry 22

  5.4 Innovation 23

    Academia–industry collaboration 23

  5.5 Recycling and demand reduction 23

6 Policy landscape 25

  6.1 Relevant UK Government policies 25

    Financing and investment mechanisms 25

  6.2 International policy context and partnerships 27

    International partnerships 27

    EU 27

    USA 28

    China 28

7 Annex A: Statistics on global mining and refining capacity 29