Summary of CBO’s Findings 1

DoD’s Operational, Logistical, and Sustainment Costs 2

DoD’s Opportunity Costs 2

Economic and Budgetary Effects 3

Potential Additional Costs 4

Overview of Operation Epic Fury 4

How CBO Estimated DoD’s Costs for Operation Epic Fury 5

Replacing Expended Munitions 5

Replacing Equipment Lost in Battle 6

Increased Flying Hours 6

Other Operations Costs 7

Increased Fuel Costs 7

Repairing or Rebuilding U.S. Bases 8

Ongoing Costs of the Conflict for DoD 8

Comparison of CBO’s Estimate With the Administration’s Estimates 9

Request for Supplemental Funding 9

DoD’s Estimate on July 22, 2026 11

Comparison of CBO’s Estimate of DoD’s Costs With Other Organizations’ Estimates 11

DoD’s Opportunity Costs 12

Economic and Budgetary Effects 13

Effects on Prices and Inflation 13

Effects on Interest Rate 15

Effects on Output 15

Budgetary Effects 15