FOREWORD vii

METHODOLOGY ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x

ABBREVIATIONS xv

GLOSSARY xvi

OUTLINE xix

CORE MESSAGES xx

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xxii

CHAPTER 1

FORESTS AND LANDSCAPE RESTORATION IN THE 2020–2030 DECADE: CONTEXT, TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR GLOBAL IMPACT 1

   1.1 Introduction 1

  1.2 Rationale for forest and landscape restoration 3

  1.3 Land degradation, ecosystem restoration and forest and landscape restoration: concepts, the continuum and frameworks 5

  1.4 Forest and landscape restoration in global commitments and frameworks 12

CHAPTER 2

RESTORING THE WORLD’S FORESTS: FROM COMMITMENTS TO PROGRESS 19

  2.1 Setting the scene 19

  2.2 Nationally identified areas in need of restoration 25

  2.3 Restoration commitments 28

  2.4 Restoration progress 33

  2.5 Legal and policy frameworks 46

  2.6 Progress, gaps and the way forward 57

CHAPTER 3

COST-EFFECTIVE WAYS TO DELIVER THE MULTIPLE BENEFITS OF FOREST AND LANDSCAPE RESTORATION INVESTMENTS FOR PEOPLE AND NATURE 61

  3.1 Introduction 61

  3.2 Forest and landscape restoration generates multiple benefits across scales for people and nature 62

  3.3 The multiple costs of forest and landscape restoration across scales and how they are assessed 82

  3.4 Optimizing benefits and balancing costs allow high‑impact forest and landscape restoration 97

CHAPTER 4

INTEGRATING KEY PATHWAYS FOR IMPACTFUL RESTORATION 99

  4.1 Introduction 99

  4.2 The people pathway: people at the centre for inclusive forest and landscape restoration through meaningful engagement 101

  4.3 The land pathway: designing and managing multifunctional landscapes 110

  4.4 The finance and business pathway: financial options for the scale and nature of restoration needed 116

  4.5 The policy coherence and law pathway: coherent policies, laws and regulatory frameworks for effective restoration 130

  4.6 Weaving the four pathways together for effective forest and landscape restoration 136

CHAPTER 5

KNOWLEDGE, STANDARDS AND ADAPTIVE LEARNING FOR TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE IN FOREST AND LANDSCAPE RESTORATION 139

  5.1 Introduction 139

  5.2 The knowledge pillar 139

  5.3 The standards and capacity pillar 145

  5.4 The monitoring and adaptive learning pillar 149

  5.5 Delivering transformative forest andlandscape restoration for 2030 and beyond 153

  5.6 Conclusions: from ambition to impact through high‑quality forest and landscape restoration 154

CASE STUDIES ON FOREST AND LANDSCAPE RESTORATION FOR A SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT FUTURE

  1 The Great Green Wall for Ecosystem Restoration and Peace in Burkina Faso and the Niger 161

  2 Promoting zero-deforestation cocoa production for reducing emissions in Côte d’Ivoire 164

  3 Community-led restoration of degraded rangelands in the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya 167

  4 Rights-responsive restoration: women-led landscape restoration through social safeguards in Senegal 170

  5 Restoring dryland forests and livelihoods through integrated landscape approaches in Zimbabwe 173

  6 China’s Green Great Wall: a great endeavour for the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature 176

  7 Building with nature in Indonesia: restoring an eroding coastline 179

  8 Community engagement and national ambition in rangelands: complementary models for restoring arid and semi-arid landscapes in Jordan and Saudi Arabia 182

  9 Conservation and restoration of relict turanga poplar populations and riparian forests using biotechnology in Kazakhstan 186

  10 Restoring high-conservation-value chilgoza pine forests in Pakistan 189

  11 Empowering communities through integrated watershed restoration in Türkiye 192

  12 Balancing nature and production through multifunctional restoration in Denmark, France and Spain 195

  13 The European Union’s Nature Restoration Regulation: from ambition to binding action 199

  14 Keeping the green in the Ontario Greenbelt: Forests Canada’s programme to plant trees 202

  15 Phytoremediation of degraded soils using poplars and other fast-growing trees in the United States of America 205

  16 Restoring banksia woodlands: world-class postmining rehabilitation in Western Australia 208

  17 Effective governance is key to restoring forest landscapes as part of the Trinational Atlantic Forest Pact in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay 211

  18 Indigenous Peoples’ biocentric restoration in sacred territories: an initiative led by Xukuru Indigenous Peoples in Brazil 214

APPENDIX 1

FOREST RESTORATION COMMITMENTS IN THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS 217

APPENDIX 2

GLOBAL AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES THAT INCLUDE ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION 220

APPENDIX 3

LIST OF RESTORATION INTERVENTION TYPES INCLUDED IN RESTORATION OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENTS USING THE RESTORATION OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 225

APPENDIX 4

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING THE MITIGATION POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS RESTORATION ACTIVITIES 228

APPENDIX 5

ASSESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION POTENTIAL OF FOREST AND LANDSCAPE RESTORATION MEASURES OF COUNTRIES ENGAGED IN KEY INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES USING THEIR OFFICIALCLIMATE CONVENTION SUBMISSIONS 232

NOTES 239