Foreword 3

Executive summary 4

1 Understanding the blue finance landscape 5

2 Key barriers for scaling blue finance 6

  2.1 Fragmented policy and regulatory conditions 6

  2.2 Limited standardization of investment structures 8

  2.3 Ocean information integration into investment decision-making 8

3 Ocean Investment Matrix: mapping blue financing patterns 10

4 Emerging models for structuring blue investment 15

  4.1 Portfolio solutions for ocean investment 16

  4.2 Aggregation through financial intermediaries 18

  4.3 Commercialization solutions for ocean innovation 19

  4.4 Blended finance for nature-based solutions 21

5 Catalytic actors as market builders in the ocean economy 24

Conclusion: Lessons for scaling blue finance 26

Appendices 27

  A1 Emerging financial solutions per ocean sector 27

  A2 Ocean Investment Matrix methodology 33

  A3 Glossary 34

Contributors 35

Endnotes 36