Abstract 1

About the authors 1

Main authors 1

Contributing authors  2

Acronyms 8

Introduction 9

1 Literature Review 13

  1.1 Digital access and labour market outcomes 13

  1.2 Gender impact of digital access in labour outcomes 14

2 Data and Variables 16

  2.1 ILO Harmonized Microdata collection 16

  2.2 Mobile coverage data 17

  2.3 Sample selection 18

  2.4 Variable definitions 19

    Outcome variables from the ILO Harmonized Microdata collection 19

    Variables from geocoded data 20

    Summary statistics 21

3 Empirical Strategy 25

  3.1 Estimation approach 25

  3.2 Identifying assumptions 26

4 Results 28

  4.1 Labour force participation and labour force composition 28

  4.2 Mechanisms 34

  4.3 Heterogeneity by individual characteristics 35

  4.4 Employment composition 38

  4.5 Employment quality 41

  4.6 Gender ratios 43

5 Robustness and Limitations 46

  5.1 Robustness checks 46

  5.2 Limitations 47

Conclusion 49

Annex 51

References 67

Acknowledgements 71