The vulnerability of sea lanes and maritime chokepoints 2

A growing number of threats 2

Challenges posed by state actors 3

A problem of growing proportions 3

Capacity to act and power politics 4

The need to act – from Hormuz to the Port of Hamburg 4

What is required for the capacity to act 5

European potential for optimisation 5

Cooperation with like-minded states 6

Untapped potential in the Gulf 7

Counter-lawfare in the Indo-Pacific 7

Pressure to act here and now 7