Executive summary 8

Introduction 13

  Scenarios used in this report 15

Chapter 1. Southeast Asia in the Age of Electricity 17

  The role of clean energy technology supply chains in Southeast Asia 18

  Southeast Asia’s energy system today 19

  The Age of Electricity in Southeast Asia 26

Chapter 2. Energy technology supply chains in Southeast Asia today 50

  Investment 51

  Trade 57

  The existing clean energy technology manufacturing base 64

  Trade and industrial policy 79

Chapter 3. The outlook for manufacturing and trade 98

  Overview 99

  Solar PV 113

  Wind 118

  Electric cars and batteries 121

  Heat pumps and air conditioners 128

  Electrolysers, hydrogen and sustainable fuels 131

  Other key technologies for the Age of Electricity 135

Chapter 4. Country profiles 141

  Regional overview 143

  Indonesia 147

  Thailand 151

  Malaysia 155

  Viet Nam 159

  Philippines 163

  Singapore 166

  Technical notes on the dashboards 168

Chapter 5. Strategic considerations for industrial strategy in Southeast Asia 169

  Key principles for industrial strategies 170

  Navigating industrial policy trade-offs 171

  Country case studies 173

  Low-regret policy options 188

Abbreviations and acronyms 196

Units 198