Glossary of Abbreviations 1

Introduction 2

Background 2

  Algorithmic Decisionmaking and AI 2

  Antidiscrimination Legal Frameworks 4

    Fundamentals of Disparate Treatment Doctrine 5

    Fundamentals of Disparate Impact Doctrine 9

  Tensions Between Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact 14

Applying Antidiscrimination Legal Frameworks to Algorithmic Decisionmaking 15

  Disparate Treatment 16

    How Algorithms May Result in Disparate Treatment 16

    Open Questions on Disparate Treatment and Algorithms 17

  Disparate Impact 23

    How Algorithms May Cause Disparate Impacts 23

    Open Questions on Disparate Impact and Algorithms 25

Considerations for Congress 29

  Regulating Algorithmic Decisionmaking Under General Antidiscrimination Laws or Using Standalone Antidiscrimination Rules 31

  Adopting Broad Versus Tailored Requirements 31

  Deciding Who Should Be Regulated 32

  Considering Requirements Beyond Nondiscrimination 33

    Transparency 33

    Audits 35

    Design Requirements 36

    Role of Human Decisionmakers 37

  Examining Disparate Impact 38

  Balancing the Risks of Discrimination with the Risks of Regulation 39