Foreword 3

Editorial 4

Reader’s guide 7

Executive summary 12

1. Competitiveness 15

  Economic performance 16

  Industries and regional productivity 20

  AI and innovation 22

2. Demography and labour 27

  Demographic change 28

  Geographic mobility 32

  Local labour markets 36

3. Well-being 39

  Housing 40

  Life satisfaction, social connections and trust 42

  Social infrastructure 44

4. Environment 49

  Impacts of a changing climate 50

  Trends in GHG emissions and electrification 54

  Sectoral trends in electrification and energy efficiency 56

Annex A. Description of regions and functional geographies 58

Annex B. Sources and data description 60

Annex C. Methodologies 73