Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 10

Acknowledgments 13

Introduction 14

Key Takeaways 16

Abbreviations 19

PART 1. Overview 21

1. Analyses of External Debt Stocks and Debt Flows as of End-2023 22

Trends in External Debt Stock, 2013-23 22

Debt Ratios and Debt Resolutions 35

Debt Servicing Burdens of LMICs, 2013-23 41

Trends in External Debt Flows, 2013-23 48

Trends in Net Transfers on External Debt, 2013-23 59

Note 66

References 66

2. The Macroeconomic and Debt Outlook for 2024 and Beyond 68

Introduction 68

Macroeconomic Outlook and Risks 68

Debt Outlook and Risks 71

References 75

3. The Debt Transparency Agenda: Moving It Forward 76

Introduction 76

Borrower Countries 77

Creditor Countries 81

The International Community 85

Notes 88

References 88

PART 2. Aggregate and Country Tables 90

ALL LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES 91

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC 92

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 93

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 94

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 95

SOUTH ASIA 96

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 97

AFGHANISTAN 98

ALBANIA 99

ALGERIA 100

ANGOLA 101

ARGENTINA 102

ARMENIA 103

AZERBAIJAN 104

BANGLADESH 105

BELARUS 106

BELIZE 107

BENIN 108

BHUTAN 109

BOLIVIA 110

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 111

BOTSWANA 112

BRAZIL 113

BURKINA FASO 114

BURUNDI 115

CABO VERDE 116

CAMBODIA 117

CAMEROON 118

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 119

CHAD 120

CHINA 121

COLOMBIA 122

COMOROS 123

CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 124

CONGO, REPUBLIC OF 125

COSTA RICA 126

CÔTE D'IVOIRE 127

DJIBOUTI 128

DOMINICA 129

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 130

ECUADOR 131

EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF 132

EL SALVADOR 133

ERITREA 134

ESWATINI 135

ETHIOPIA 136

FIJI 137

GABON 138

GAMBIA, THE 139

GEORGIA 140

GHANA 141

GRENADA 142

GUATEMALA 143

GUINEA 144

GUINEA-BISSAU 145

GUYANA 146

HAITI 147

HONDURAS 148

INDIA 149

INDONESIA 150

IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF 151

IRAQ 152

JAMAICA 153

JORDAN 154

KAZAKHSTAN 155

KENYA 156

KOSOVO 157

KYRGYZ REPUBLIC 158

LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 159

LEBANON 160

LESOTHO 161

LIBERIA 162

MADAGASCAR 163

MALAWI 164

MALDIVES 165

MALI 166

MAURITANIA 167

MAURITIUS 168

MEXICO 169

MOLDOVA 170

MONGOLIA 171

MONTENEGRO 172

MOROCCO 173

MOZAMBIQUE 174

MYANMAR 175

NEPAL 176

NICARAGUA 177

NIGER 178

NIGERIA 179

NORTH MACEDONIA 180

PAKISTAN 181

PAPUA NEW GUINEA 182

PARAGUAY 183

PERU 184

PHILIPPINES 185

RWANDA 186

SAMOA 187

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE 188

SENEGAL 189

SERBIA 190

SIERRA LEONE 191

SOLOMON ISLANDS 192

SOMALIA 193

SOUTH AFRICA 194

SRI LANKA 195

ST. LUCIA 196

ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES 197

SUDAN 198

SURINAME 199

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 200

TAJIKISTAN 201

TANZANIA 202

THAILAND 203

TIMOR-LESTE 204

TOGO 205

TONGA 206

TUNISIA 207

TÜRKIYE 208

TURKMENISTAN 209

UGANDA 210

UKRAINE 211

UZBEKISTAN 212

VANUATU 213

VIET NAM 214

YEMEN, REPUBLIC OF 215

ZAMBIA 216

ZIMBABWE 217

Appendix 218

Data Sources 219

Country Groups 221

Regional Groups 221

Income Groups 222

Glossary 223

Tables 9

Table 1.1. External Debt Stock of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2013-23 23

Table 1.2. Net Debt Inflows to IDA-Eligible Countries, 2013-23 55

Figures 8

Figure 1.1. Creditor Composition of External Debt Stock in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2013-23 24

Figure 1.2. External Debt Stock of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2013-23 28

Figure 1.3. Creditor Composition of Low- and Middle-Income Countries' (excluding China) Long-Term Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt, 2013-23 29

Figure 1.4. GNI Growth versus New World Bank Commitments as a Share of GNI, Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 1971-2023 30

Figure 1.5. Creditor Composition of IDA-Eligible Countries' Long-Term Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt during Crises, 2006-23 34

Figure 1.6. External Debt-to-GNI Ratios for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China) and IDA-Eligible Countries, 2013-23 36

Figure 1.7. Variable Interest Rates and Interest Payments on Long-Term Debt of Low- and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China), by Creditor Type, 2020-23 42

Figure 1.8. Average Terms on New External Debt Commitments for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China), by Creditor Type, 2013-23 43

Figure 1.9. Interest Payments on Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Region and Creditor Type, 2013-23 45

Figure 1.10. IDA-Eligible Countries' Interest Payments on External Debt, by Creditor Type, 2013-23 46

Figure 1.11. Average Terms of Commitments of External Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt to IDA-Eligible Countries, by Creditor Type, Average 2013-23 47

Figure 1.12. Net Debt Inflows in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, by Maturity, 2013-23 48

Figure 1.13. Long-Term External Debt Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China), by Borrower Type, 2021-23 51

Figure 1.14. Bond Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China), by Borrower Type, 2022-23 53

Figure 1.15. Net Flows to IDA-Eligible Countries, by Region and Creditor Type, 2023 57

Figure 1.16. Net Equity Inflows and External Debt Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2013-23 58

Figure 1.17. Long-Term Net Transfers on External Debt in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China), by Debtor Type, 2013-23 60

Figure 1.18. Long-Term Net Transfers on Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (excluding China), by Creditor Type, 2013-23 61

Figure 1.19. Debt Flows on Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt in IDA-Eligible Countries, by Creditor Type, 2021-23 62

Figure 1.20. Net Transfers on Public and Publicly Guaranteed Debt in IDA-Eligible Countries, by Creditor Type, 2021-23 63

Figure 2.1. Percent Change in Gross Domestic Product, 2021-26 69

Figure 2.2. Interest Payments on Total External Debt as a Share of GNI, 2013-23 72

Figure 2.3. Composition of Government Revenues as a Share of GDP, 2010s vs. 2020s 74

Figure 3.1. Public Debt Disclosure by IDA-Eligible Countries, Access and Coverage, 2020 vs. 2023 78

Figure 3.2. Reporting Timetable for Debtor Reporting System Countries, 2019-23 79

Boxes 8

Box 1.1. External Debt Data: Concepts, Sources, and Coverage 24

Box 1.2. Understanding Bilateral Currency Swap Lines 26

Box 1.3. IMF and World Bank Efforts to Assist with Crises 31

Box 1.4. Debt Resolutions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 36

Box 1.5. World Bank Income and Lending Classifications Used in International Debt Report 2024 39

Box 1.6. Allocation of the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights in 2023 44

Box 1.7. Debt-for-Climate Swaps 53

Box 1.8. Government Expenditures and External Debt Service in Developing Countries 63

Box 3.1. How China Lends 84

Box Figures 8

Figure B1.4.1. Evolution of the Risk of External Debt Distress 37

Figure B1.5.1. Number of Low- and Middle-Income Countries Covered in International Debt Report 2024, by FY2025 Income and Lending Group 40

Figure B1.6.1. SDR Allocations as a Share of International Reserves, by Region, 2023 45

Figure B1.8.1. Government Expenditures and External Debt Service Comparison, 2018-23 65