Foreword 3

Executive summary 4

1 The critical role of electricity across the globe 5

2 System challenges in three focus areas 7

  2.1 The system leaves usable capacity idle 7

  2.2 Large loads strain the system 8

  2.3 Grid and power infrastructure is not expanding 10fast enough to meet changing system needs

3 What to change, and who must change it 11

  3.1 Unlock hidden capacity 12

  3.2 Connect large loads on terms that protect the system 14

  3.3 Build what is needed at the pace demand requires 16

  3.4 Actions work as a system 19

Conclusion 21

Contributors 22

Endnotes 24