Foreword 3

Executive summary 4

Introduction: From intent to evidence 5

1 Country-level analysis: comparing policy instrument portfolios 11

  1.1 Sector emphasis differs by geography 13

  1.2 Instrument mixes remain similar despite divergent sector priorities 14

  1.3 Country portfolios share a common instrument core, with key exceptions 15

  1.4 Value chain representation: a dominant supply side 19

2 Cross-portfolio comparisons 22

  2.1 The missing market-creation layer 23

  2.2 Demand signals work when the policy mix is coordinated 23

  2.3 The governance gap in outcomes reporting 24

  2.4 What outcomes cost, and how rarely they are measured 27

3 Reflections and recommendations: designing the next generation of bioeconomy policy 28

  3.1 Create the conditions for bankable demand 30

  3.2 Tailor instrument mixes to the challenges of the target application area 31

  3.3 Design instruments to be evaluable from the outset 31

  3.4 Establish common reporting standards 32

Conclusion 33

Appendices 34

  A1 Classification frameworks 34

  A2 Impact and outcomes data 35

  A3 Assumptions and limitations 37

Contributors 38

Endnotes 40