1. Introduction 2

2. Evolution, business models and the economics of gig platforms 4

 Size and growth of the global gig economy 5

 Drivers and implications of the gig economy 7

 Revenue streams in gig platforms 8

 Emerging business models and financial services in the gig economy 9

 Gains, costs and challenges of gig workers relative to non-gig workers 9

3. Digital payments and the gig economy 10

 Main payment channels, platforms and providers 13

 The benefits and role of digital payments within the gig economy 15

 Cross-border payment aspects of the gig economy 17

4. Policy considerations 18

 Authorities (governments, central banks and regulatory agencies) 18

 Payment system operators 19

 Gig economy platforms (private sector employers / intermediaries) 19

 International actors 20

5. Conclusion 21