목차
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2024 results 7
Governments are increasing inequality 7
Top performers 8
Bottom performers 9
Performance across the three pillars 10
Pillar 1: Public services 10
Pillar 2: Tax progressivity falling 11
Pillar 3: Labour rights and wages 12
Inequality, the World Bank and the IMF 12
Policy recommendations 13
1 Worst results ever for inequality 15
1.1 The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 15
1.1.1 Inequality is at an all-time high – and rising 16
1.1.2 Top performers in the CRI Index 2024 16
1.1.3 Bottom performers in the CRI Index 2024 17
1.2 The consequences of economic inequality 18
1.2.1 Poverty goals and planetary boundaries 18
1.2.2 Economic goals 18
1.2.3 Health, education and other social goals 19
1.2.4 Climate and other environmental goals 19
1.2.5 Political polarization and poor governance 19
1.2.6 Fuelling and feeding off other inequalities 19
2 The World Bank, the IMF and reducing inequality 20
2.1 The world bank and inequality 20
2.1.1 The World Bank must reverse dangerous deterioration in inequality data 20
2.1.2 The World Bank must take action on spending, tax and labour policies 21
2.2 The IMF and inequality 22
2.2.1 The IMF must stop support for austerity worldwide 23
2.2.2 The IMF should increase support for public services 23
2.2.3 The IMF must do more to support progressive taxation 24
2.2.4 The IMF must act on labour rights 24
3 Fighting inequality through public services 25
3.1 Public services pillar: overall results 25
3.2. Public anti-inequality spending (Indicator PS1) 28
3.2.1 Education spending (Indicator PS1a) 29
3.2.2 Health spending (Indicator PS1b) 29
3.2.3 Social protection spending (Indicator PS1c) 30
3.3 Public services coverage (Indicator PS2) 30
3.3.1 Education coverage (Indicator PS2a) 30
3.3.2 Health coverage (Indicator PS2b) 31
3.3.3 Social protection coverage (Indicator PS2c) 31
3.4 Impact on inequality (Indicator PS3) 31
4 Fighting inequality through progressive taxation 34
4.1 Tax pillar: overall results 34
4.2 Tax system progressivity (Indicator T1) 35
4.2.1 Value added tax or general sales tax (Indicator T1a) 36
4.2.2 Personal income tax (Indicator T1a) 37
4.2.3 Corporate income tax (Indicator T1a) 38
4.2.4 Harmful tax practices (Indicator T1b) 38
4.3 Tax collection (Indicator T2) 39
4.4 Impact on inequality (Indicator T3) 39
5 Fighting inequality through labour rights and wages 42
5.1 Labour pillar: overall results 42
5.2 Labour policy (Indicator L1) 43
5.2.1 Labour rights (Indicator L1a) 44
5.2.2 Women’s labour rights (Indicator L1b) 45
5.2.3 Minimum wage (Indicator L1c) 46
5.3 Labour rights coverage (Indicator L2) 47
5.3.1 Unemployment (Indicator L2a) 48
5.3.2 Vulnerable employment (Indicator L2b) 49
5.4 Impact of income on inequality (Indicator L3) 49
Conclusion and recommendations 51
Annexes 53
Annex 1: CRI Index global rankings 53
Annex 2: CRI Index regional rankings 57
Annex 3: CRI Index ranked by income group 62
Notes 69
