※ 과학기술혁신 전망(Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook) : 회원국과 주요 비회원국의 과학기술혁신 추세와 변화를 분석하는 대표 정책보고서(격년 발간)
※ CSTP(Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy) : 1972년 설립 이후 과학 기술정책 분야의 글로벌 의제 생산 및 확산에 중추적인 역할을 담당해 온 위원회
□ 이번 보고서는 급변하는 환경 속에서 과학기술정책의 효율성과 효과성을 높이기 위한 근본적인 정책 전환의 필요성을 강조함. 특히 경쟁력과 지속 가능성 등 상충되는 정책 목표 간에도 시너지를 창출하고, 정책 간 연계 강화가 중요하다고 지적함
□ OECD는 과학적 개방성과 경제안보의 균형을 위해 ▲진흥(Promotion), ▲보호(Protection), ▲투영(Projection)의 3대 정책 프레임과 ▲비례성 (Proportionality), ▲파트너십(Partnership), ▲정밀성(Precision)의 3대 원칙을 제시함. 이는 국가 간 기술협력과 연구안보의 균형을 위한 새로운 접근으로, 위험 수준에 따른 정밀한 대응과 이해관계자 간 협력을 강조함
ㅇ 아울러, 보고서는 합성생물학, 신경기술, 양자기술, 우주기반 지구관측 등 첨단기술의 융합이 혁신과정과 정책수요를 근본적으로 변화시키고 있다며, 이러한 기술융합이 향후 글로벌 경쟁력의 핵심 요인으로 작용할 것이라고 전망함
□ OECD는 한국이 GDP 대비 연구개발(R&D) 투자 비율이 회원국 중 두 번째로 높고, 기업의 R&D 지원에서는 직접 지원과 세제 지원이 균형 있게 운영되고 있다고 평가함. 반면, 여성 R&D 인력 비율은 OECD 평균 보다 낮은 수준인 것으로 분석됨. 이 밖에도 ▲CCU 실증 지원센터, ▲연구보안체계 내실화 방안 등 한국의 주요정책 사례들이 대표 사례로 소개됨
ㅇ OECD는 이를 통해 한국의 높은 혁신 역량을 인정하면서도, 과학기술 성과가 사회 전반으로 확산될 필요가 있다고 평가함
[출처] OECD, 『2025 과학기술혁신 전망』 발표 (2025.10.31.) / 과학기술정보통신부 보도자료
목차
Title page 1
Contents 7
Foreword 4
Acknowledgements 5
Abbreviations and acronyms 11
Executive summary 13
1. Mobilising science, technology and innovation policies for transformative change 15
Introduction 17
Action 1: Promote a policy agenda that contributes to broad transformative change 18
Action 2: Direct R&D funding for transformations in combination with non-directed measures 28
Action 3: Strengthen co-ordination with non-science, technology and innovation policy areas on transformative change 34
Action 4: Mobilise public funding to crowd-in private finance for transformative change 38
Action 5: Promote transformative change rather than "business-as-usual" outcomes 41
Conclusions 45
References 46
Notes 53
2. Reconfiguring scientific co-operation in a changing geopolitical environment 58
Introduction 60
Recent trends in international STI co-operation 60
The growing securitisation of science, technology and innovation 66
Principles for governing science, technology and innovation securitisation 81
Conclusions 89
References 90
Notes 95
3. Expanding the benefits of investments in science, technology and innovation 103
Introduction 105
Why should policymakers care about broadening participation in science, technology and innovation? 106
What are the implications for science, technology and innovation policy today? 108
Conclusions 117
References 118
4. How science systems need to adapt to support transformative change 122
Recalibrating science systems to address critical and urgent challenges 124
Building a productive scientific workforce with a diversity of talents 126
Enabling the catalytic role of research infrastructures 134
Closing the gap between science and society 137
Leveraging research assessment and incentives 143
Conclusions 146
References 147
Notes 151
5. Technology convergence: Trends, prospects and policies 155
Introduction 157
Understanding convergence 157
Cases of convergence 160
Conclusion 177
References 179
Notes 185
6. An ecosystems approach to industrial policy 186
Introduction 188
Delineating industrial ecosystems 191
Identifying the main challenges faced by industrial ecosystems 201
Conclusions 211
References 212
Notes 218
7. Tools for agility: Actionable strategic intelligence and policy experimentation 219
Introduction 221
Why agile policymaking is needed 221
Agile policy requirements: Six support actions 223
Strategic intelligence for agile and adaptive policy 225
Policy experimentation in practice 234
Challenges and policy responses to support wider policy agility 239
Conclusions 244
References 245
Tables 9
Table 1.1. Synergies and tensions between diverse science, technology and innovation policy priorities 23
Table 1.2. Examples of science, technology and innovation policy priorities 24
Table 1.3. Policy options to support competitive sustainability transitions 25
Table 1.4. Policy options to support fair sustainability transitions 27
Table 1.5. Selected examples of science, technology and innovation policy measures to promote funding agility and breakthroughs 32
Table 1.6. Examples of policy initiatives targeting the entire innovation chain 33
Table 1.7. Definitions of selected blended finance concepts and instruments 39
Table 1.8. Selected policy initiatives supporting private finance for sustainability and growth 40
Table 1.9. How science, technology and innovation policies can harness the dynamics of innovation processes 43
Table 3.1. Examples of science, technology and innovation diffusion policies 112
Table 3.2. Examples of policy initiatives for women's participation in science, technology and innovation 113
Table 4.1. Examples of international research infrastructure ecosystems supporting research related to socio-economic transformation 135
Table 6.1. Core sectors across OECD industrial ecosystem studies 192
Table 7.1. Matching strategic intelligence and policy experimentation to agile support actions 225
Table 7.2. Benefits and risks of policy innovation labs in science, technology and innovation policy 235
Table 7.3. Selected examples of policy innovation labs for science, technology and innovation policy 235
Table 7.4. Benefits and risks of regulatory sandboxes 236
Table 7.5. Selected examples of regulatory sandboxes for science, technology and innovation policy 236
Table 7.6. Benefits and risks from randomised control trials 238
Table 7.7. Selected examples of randomised control trials for science, technology and innovation policy from Horizon 2020 239
Figures 8
Figure 1.1. R&D trends by performing sectors in OECD countries, 2007-2023 19
Figure 1.2. R&D intensities, selected economies, 2013-2023 20
Figure 1.3. Trends and broad spending categories of government R&D budgets, OECD, 1991-2024 21
Figure 1.4. R&D budget by broad spending categories, selected economies, 2024 21
Figure 1.5. Estimates of R&D funding to societal goals, 2015-2023 22
Figure 1.6. Mix of selected policy instruments for public funding of research, development and innovation 28
Figure 1.7. Direct government funding and government tax support for business R&D, 2023 30
Figure 1.8. Shift in the government policy support mix for business R&D, 2000-2022 30
Figure 2.1. International scientific collaboration intensity, selected countries, 2013 and 2023 61
Figure 2.2. Trends in international scientific collaboration, selected countries, 2013-2023 62
Figure 2.3. China's bilateral collaboration intensity trends in scientific publications, 1996-2023 62
Figure 2.4. Changes in collaboration between China and the United States, 2019-2023 63
Figure 2.5. Share of mobile PhD graduates, selected countries, 2015 and 2022 64
Figure 2.6. International collaboration intensity in energy and environment SDG-relevant scientific output, select countries, 2012 and 2022 65
Figure 2.7. Trends for main contributors to energy and environmental SDG scientific publications, 2008-2022 65
Figure 2.8. Three-part science, technology and innovation securitisation policy framework 67
Figure 2.9. Principles for governing science, technology and innovation securitisation that promote proportionality, partnership and precision 82
Figure 3.1. Four key dimensions of participation in innovation and its outcomes 108
Figure 3.2. Average R&D investments of the top global 2 000 companies, 2023 109
Figure 3.3. Gender equality in senior management positions in national administrations, 2011 and 2021 115
Figure 3.4. Gender composition of research-funding organisations: Members of the highest decision-making body 116
Figure 4.1. Scientific knowledge for transformative change 126
Figure 4.2. Change in STEM enrolment in higher education (2015 vs. 2022) in selected economies 128
Figure 4.3. Researchers per sector of employment 129
Figure 4.4. Share of female PhD graduates in different science fields in selected countries, 2022 131
Figure 4.5. The evolving science communication landscape 138
Figure 4.6. Relationship between research assessment/incentives, behaviour, scientific outputs and research culture 144
Figure 5.1. The technology convergence process 160
Figure 6.1. Schematic representation of an industrial ecosystem 189
Figure 6.2. Production network of the energy-intensive ecosystem 193
Figure 6.3. Share of value added embodied in global final demand for motor vehicles, selected economies, 2018 194
Figure 6.4. Exports of capital goods used in renewable energy technologies, 2012 and 2021 195
Figure 6.5. Industries patenting in energy-intensive industry technologies, 2018-2022 196
Figure 6.6. Revealed technology advantage of economies in energy-intensive industry inventions, by industry, 2018-2022 197
Figure 6.7. Sectoral distribution of renewable energy vacancies in the United States, 2022 198
Figure 6.8. Share of renewable energy technologies owned by young firms, 2017-202 199
Figure 6.9. Top technologies in citations made by and received by energy-intensive industry-related patents 200
Figure 6.10. Share of renewable energy patents developed by public research organisations and universities, worldwide, 2010-2021 201
Figure 6.11. Number of trade dependencies for OECD Member countries, by renewable energy product, 2012-2014 and 2019-2021 202
Figure 6.12. Demand for occupations in energy-intensive industries vs. manufacturing vacancies, 2022 203
Figure 6.13. Share of patents citing patents filed by academic institutions, automotive ecosystem, by firm age and technology, 2000-2019 205
Figure 6.14. Patents in recycling or substitution of critical raw materials, 2017-2021 206
Figure 6.15. Relationship between technological specialisation and trade comparative advantage 207
Figure 6.16. Direct business support explicitly targeted to the energy-intensive industry ecosystem by instrument type, average for 2019-2021 208
Figure 6.17. Public Research Development and Demonstration versus deployment support in renewable energy, 2021 209
Figure 7.1. Incremental and dynamic policy cycles for stable and agile institutions 222
Figure 7.2. Six support actions to catalyse and inform agile policymaking 224
Figure 7.3. Randomised control trials 237
Figure 7.4. Core skills for public sector innovation 242
Boxes 35
Box 1.1. What cross-government coherence and co-ordination measures are governments taking? 35
Box 1.2. Making missions more transformative 36
Box 1.3. Selected feedback dynamics common to innovation processes 42
Box 1.4. Stewarding transformative change using systemic science, technology and innovation policy packages 44
Box 2.1. National quantum policies and strategies 67
Box 2.2. The European Economic Security Strategy 68
Box 2.3. Japan's economic security policy 70
Box 2.4. Examples of recent talent programmes to attract overseas scientists 73
Box 2.5. Emerging types of support for research security implementation 76
Box 2.6. New landmark frameworks for science diplomacy in 2025 78
Box 2.7. From data to diplomacy: How ocean science shapes policy and trust 79
Box 2.8. Examples of Track 2 science diplomacy 81
Box 2.9. Strategic intelligence for economic and research security in Finland 87
Box 4.1. Inclusive excellence in research 131
Box 4.2. The use of artificial intelligence in science 132
Box 4.3. Key principles for responsible science communication 139
Box 4.4. Key policy considerations for promoting citizen science 140
Box 4.5. Principles for science advice 142
Box 4.6. Examples of international initiatives promoting change in research assessment 144
Box 5.1. The Israeli Bioconvergence Program: A prototypical convergence space 159
Box 5.2. The Wyss Center: Neurotechnology convergence in Switzerland 164
Box 5.3. Quantum sensing with biological materials 171
Box 5.4. Argonne National Laboratory's Q-NEXT/Argonne Quantum Institute 171
Box 6.1. The renewal of industrial policy and the role of industrial ecosystems 190
Box 6.2. Semiconductor policies and lack of talent 204
Box 7.1. Examples of horizon scanning for agile policy 226
Box 7.2. Examples of situation analysis that can be used for agile policy 228
Box 7.3. Examples of forward-looking technology assessment 229
Box 7.4. Examples of adaptive foresight 231
Box 7.5. Examples of participatory methods for agile policymaking 231
Box 7.6. Example of formative evaluation for agile mission-oriented research policy 233
Box 7.7. Canada's approach to supporting policy experimentation 243
