Preface 1

From Australia to Brazil Naval Nuclear 3

Propulsion and Responsible Nuclear Stewardship

Nuclear Order at Sea Strategic Rationales and Unintended 8

Implications of Australia’s and Brazil’s Nuclear Powered

Submarine Programs

AUKUS and the Importance of Reassurance 14

The Brazilian Nuclear-Powered Submarine 19

Arguments for Deterrence and Development

Naval Nuclear Propulsion in Non-Nuclear Weapon States 23

Some Safeguards Considerations

Governance of Nuclear Submarine Programs in an 28

Age of Uncertainty

How Does Australia Understand “Responsible Nuclear 33

Stewardship?” Applying a Regulatory Lens

Nuclear Submarines A UK Perspective on 39

Social License and Community Engagement

Strategic Development Environmental Responsibility 44

and Democratic Accountability Brazil’s Nuclear Balance

Whose Voices Matter? Power Legitimacy Nuclear 49

Legacies and the Social License for AUKUS

About the Authors 56

Notes 58

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 60