Title page

Contents

Overview 4

Digital transformation in Europe 7

The EIB Corporate Digitalisation Index 9

Where do the European Union and the United States stand in digital adoption? 12

COVID-19 and the growing digital divide 18

Digitalisation, intangible investment, innovation and firm productivity 20

Digitalisation and the labour market 23

Digital technologies foster the green transition 26

What are the barriers to digital transformation? 31

Policy implications 34

References 35

Austria 36

Belgium 38

Bulgaria 40

Croatia 42

Cyprus 44

Czechia 46

Denmark 48

Estonia 50

Finland 52

France 54

Germany 56

Greece 58

Hungary 60

Ireland 62

Italy 64

Latvia 66

Lithuania 68

Luxembourg 70

Malta 72

The Netherlands 74

Poland 76

Portugal 78

Romania 80

Slovakia 82

Slovenia 84

Spain 86

Sweden 88

United Kingdom 90

Appendix A: The EIB Corporate Digitalisation Index 92

Appendix B: Comparing EIBIS to other data sources 93

Boxes

Box 1. Digital technologies in the EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) 15