국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

FOREWORD 10

ABBREVIATIONS 11

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12

CHAPTER 1. Findings 20

Legal equality and women's economic empowerment 23

Data update 25

Where are laws changing? 30

What's next? 44

References 48

Annex 1A. Women, Business and the Law Index Indicator Scores 52

Annex 1B. Summaries of Reforms 57

CHAPTER 2. Toward Available, Affordable, and Quality Childcare Services 61

The importance of analyzing childcare laws 61

Insights from pilot data 68

Key limitations and next steps 75

References 77

CHAPTER 3. Measuring the Legal Environment in Practice 79

Gender equality beyond the law 81

The state of implementation 99

Addressing challenges and moving forward 100

References 102

APPENDIX A. Data Notes 104

APPENDIX B. Economy Data 120

APPENDIXC. Acknowledgments 125

TABLE ES.1. REFORMS IMPROVING GENDER EQUALITY IN 2020-21, BY INDICATOR 15

TABLE ES.2. SELECT EXPERT OPINIONS OF GAPS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATION 19

TABLE 1.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2022 INDEX 25

TABLE 1.2. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES IN EACH SCORE GROUP, BY INDICATOR WBL score (0-100) 29

TABLE 1.3. REFORMS TO IMPROVE GENDER EQUALITY IN 2020-21, BY INDICATOR 31

TABLE 1.4. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT DO NOT HAVE LAWS GUARANTEEING WOMEN'S FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 32

TABLE 1.5. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT DO NOT HAVE LAWS PROTECTING WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE 33

TABLE 1.6. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT DO NOT HAVE LAWS ADDRESSING THE PAY GAP 35

TABLE 1.7. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES WITH LEGAL CONSTRAINTS RELATED TO MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 37

TABLE 1.8. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT DO NOT HAVE LAWS INCENTIVIZING WOMEN'S WORK AFTER HAVING CHILDREN 38

TABLE 1.9. REGIONAL AVERAGE NUMBER OF LEAVE DAYS, 1970-2021 38

TABLE 1.10. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT HAVE NOT REMOVED BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP 41

TABLE 1.11. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT DO NOT HAVE LAWS GRANTING WOMEN EQUAL RIGHTS TO PROPERTY AND INHERITANCE 43

TABLE 1.12. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT DO NOT HAVE LAWS ENSURING WOMEN'S ECONOMIC SECURITY IN OLD AGE 44

TABLE 2.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW CHILDCARE PILOT ECONOMIES 66

TABLE 2.2. DATA SNAPSHOT, ROMANIA AND KENYA 67

TABLE 2.3. EXAMPLES OF FINANCIAL AND NONFINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CHILDCARE SERVICES FOR THE POOR 71

TABLE 2.4. PREFERENTIAL TAX TREATMENT FOR THE PROVISION AND UPTAKE OF CHILDCARE SERVICES 72

TABLE 2.5. METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS, BY PILLAR 75

TABLE 3.1. FACTORS THAT DEFINE THE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF LAWS 82

TABLE 3.2. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW IMPLEMENTATION PILOT ECONOMIES 86

TABLE 3.3. SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK QUESTIONS, BY INDICATOR 87

TABLE 3.4. EXAMPLES OF SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS UNDER THE WORKPLACE INDICATOR 90

TABLE 3.5. EXAMPLES OF SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES IN SMALL CLAIMS COURTS 92

TABLE 3.6. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX AND CORRESPONDING EXPERT OPINION STATEMENTS 95

TABLE 3.7. SELECT EXPERT OPINIONS OF GAPS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATION 98

FIGURE ES.1. THE EIGHT WOMEN, BUSINESS, AND THE LAW INDICATORS 13

FIGURE ES.2. THE THREE PILLARS OF CHILDCARE SERVICES 16

FIGURE ES.3. REGULATION OF STRUCTURAL QUALITY FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROVIDERS OF CHILDCARE, BY REGION 17

FIGURE ES.4. THE STRUCTURE-PROCESS-OUTCOME FRAMEWORK, AS APPLIED TO WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 18

FIGURE 1.1. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STRONG LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND HIGHER SHARE OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS 23

FIGURE 1.2. CORRELATION BETWEEN LEGAL EQUALITY AND THE PROPORTION OF FIRMS WITH WOMEN OWNERS THAT BEGIN OPERATING IN THE... 24

FIGURE 1.3. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORE, BY INCOME LEVEL 27

FIGURE 1.4. DISPERSION OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORES, BY REGION 28

FIGURE 1.5. AVERAGE WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORES, BY INDICATOR 29

FIGURE 1.6. IMPROVEMENT IN WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORE, BY REGION 30

FIGURE 1.7. IMPROVEMENT IN WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW SCORE, BY INDICATOR 32

FIGURE 1.8. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES WITH LAWS PROTECTING WOMEN FROM VIOLENCE, BY TYPE 36

FIGURE 1.9. NUMBER OF ECONOMIES THAT PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES THROUGH DIFFERENT TYPES OF... 42

FIGURE 2.1. THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON CHILDCARE PROVISION 62

FIGURE 2.2. THE THREE PILLARS OF CHILDCARE SERVICES 64

FIGURE 2.3. KEY CONSTRAINTS IN THE CHILDCARE MARKET 65

FIGURE 2.4. LAWS REGULATING PUBLIC, PRIVATE, AND EMPLOYER-PROVIDED CHILDCARE SERVICES, BY REGION 69

FIGURE 2.5. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR CONSUMERS OR PROVIDERS OF CHILDCARE SERVICES, BY REGION 70

FIGURE 2.6. REGULATION OF STRUCTURAL QUALITY FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROVIDERS OF CHILDCARE, BY REGION 72

FIGURE 2.7. REPORTING OR INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROVIDERS OF CHILDCARE SERVICES, BY REGION 73

FIGURE 3.1. THE STRUCTURE-PROCESS-OUTCOME FRAMEWORK, AS APPLIED TO WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 80

FIGURE 3.2. GAP BETWEEN THE PASSAGE OF LAWS AND THEIR SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS ACROSS REGIONS 89

FIGURE 3.3. GAP BETWEEN THE PASSAGE OF LAWS AND THEIR SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORKS ACROSS INDICATORS 89

FIGURE 3.4. EXAMPLES OF OTHER CROSS-COUNTRY EXPERT OPINION AND PERCEPTIONSURVEYS 94

FIGURE 3.5. DISPARITY BETWEEN LEGAL INDEX AND EXPERT OPINION SCORES IN ALL REGIONS BUT THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 97

FIGURE 3.6. DISPARITY BETWEEN LEGAL INDEX AND EXPERT OPINION SCORES IN ALL INDICATORS 99

FIGURE 3.7. CORRELATION BETWEEN LEGAL INDEX AND SUPPORTIVE FRAMEWORK AND EXPERT OPINION SCORES, BY REGION 100

Boxes

BOX 1.1. ABOUT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 22

BOX 1.2. MOST POLICY RESPONSES TO THE PANDEMIC CHILDCARE CRISIS HAVE EXPIRED 39

BOX 1.3. ENGAGEMENT WITH CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS 45

BOX 1.4. HOW CAN LAWS PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES? 46

BOX 2.1. RECENT TRENDS IN CHILDCARE REFORM 74

BOX 3.1. "IMPLEMENTATION" IN THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 81

BOX 3.2. WOMEN'S REPRESENTATION IN JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS 84

BOX 3.3. PROVIDING CRITICAL SERVICES TO SURVIVORS OF VIOLENCE 91

Maps

MAP ES.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2022 INDEX 14

MAP 1.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW 2022 INDEX 27

Box Figures

FIGURE B1.1.1. THE EIGHT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDICATORS 22

FIGURE B1.3.1. IN-COUNTRY ENGAGEMENT WITH CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, 2016-21 45

FIGURE B1.4.1. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATED TO WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES 47

Annex Maps

MAP 1A.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX OVERALL SCORES 52

MAP 1A.2. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX MOBILITY INDICATOR SCORES 53

MAP 1A.3. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX WORKPLACE INDICATOR SCORES 53

MAP 1A.4. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX PAY INDICATOR SCORES 54

MAP 1A.5. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX MARRIAGE INDICATOR SCORES 54

MAP 1A.6. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX PARENTHOOD INDICATOR SCORES 55

MAP 1A.7. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX ENTREPRENEURSHIP INDICATOR SCORES 55

MAP 1A.8. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX ASSETS INDICATOR SCORES 56

MAP 1A.9. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX PENSION INDICATOR SCORES 56

TABLE A.1. WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDICATORS 105

TABLE A.2. METHODOLOGICAL STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX 107

TABLE B.1. ECONOMY-LEVEL INDICATOR DATA 120

FIGURE A.1. THE EIGHT WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDICATORS 104

FIGURE A.2. SAMPLE SCORING ON THE WOMEN, BUSINESS AND THE LAW INDEX: ECUADOR 106

Appendix Boxes

BOX A.1. ASSUMPTIONS USED TO ENSURE COMPARABILITY 108