국회도서관 국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 4

1. Introduction 7

2. Defining the key investments needed to strengthen health system resilience 10

Pillar 1: Protect people's underlying health 10

Pillar 2: Fortify the foundations of health systems 13

Pillar 3: Bolster health professionals working on the frontline 14

3. How much will these investments to strengthen health system resilience cost? 16

3.1. Overall magnitude of costs 16

3.2. Cost estimates by investment component 18

4. Conclusions 29

References 30

Annex A. Sources and methods for cost estimates 33

Table 3.1. Investing in health system resilience: order-of-magnitude cost estimates, as % of GDP 17

Table 3.2. Relative salary level assumptions for nurse and care personnel 27

Figure 1. Relationship between spending on resilience and pandemic preparedness, at the national and international levels 9

Figure 2. A trajectory: medium-term spending implications of investing in more resilient health systems 17

Figure 3. Investment range by pillar, as a share of GDP (relative to 2019 baseline) 18

Figure 4. Investing in prevention and public health systems, as a share of GDP 19

Figure 5. Estimated additional annual cost of mass testing and/or vaccination programmes, as a share of GDP 21

Figure 6. Surge control: investing in adequate PPE needs and a medical reserve force, as a share of GDP 22

Figure 7. Average investment in equipment and software, as a share of GDP, 2016-2019 23

Figure 8. Expenditure on software, databases, and ICT services by the health sector 24

Figure 9. Additional spending to harness health information in OECD countries, as a share of GDP 24

Figure 10. Practising physicians (headcount) per 1000 population, 2019 (or latest year) 26

Figure 11. Practising nurses/midwives (headcount) per 1000 population, 2019 (or latest year) 26

Figure 12. Improving the salary levels of nurses and personal carers, as a share of GDP 28

Boxes

Box 2.1. Research and Development into New Vaccines and Treatments for COVID-19 and Other Emerging Pathogens 12

Annex Tables

Table A.A.1. Order-of-magnitude cost estimates, by pillar/investment area as % of GDP 33