국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Abstract 2

1. Introduction 4

2. Data and Sample 8

2.1. The Gender Equality at Home Survey 8

2.2. Sample 8

2.3. Description of Key Variables 9

2.4. Comparison of the Gender Equality at Home Survey with Other Data Sources 12

3. Empirical Strategy 14

4. Results 15

4.1. Global Patterns of Gender Norms and Misperceptions 15

4.2. Gender Beliefs, Norms and Economic Behaviors 19

5. Discussion and Concluding Thoughts 25

6. All tables and figures 28

References 47

Appendix 49

A. Additional details on data and sample 49

B. Norms Aggregated at Country Level 60

C. Gender Beliefs and Macroeconomic Indicators 64

D. Additional details on misperceptions of norms 66

Table 1. Sample Characteristics by Respondent Gender 29

Table 2a. Labor Outcomes - Correlation with Gender Equality in Opportunities Attitudes and Perceived Norms 37

Table 2b. Labor Outcomes - Correlation with Male Breadwinner Norm Attitudes and Perceived Norms 38

Table 2c. Labor Outcomes - Correlation with Female Caregiver Norm Attitudes and Perceived Norms 39

Table 3. Labor Outcomes - Correlation with Perceived Community Norms, conditional on Personal Beliefs 40

Table 4a. Decision Making Power over Large Purchases - Correlation with Gender Equality Norm: Attitudes and Norms 41

Table 4b. Decision Making Power over Large Purchases - Correlation with Male Breadwinner Norm: Attitudes and Norms 42

Table 5. Decision Making Power over Large Purchases - Correlation with Perceived Norms, conditional on Personal Beliefs 43

Table 6a. Care and Domestic Responsibilities - Correlation with Gender Equality Norm: Attitudes and Norms 44

Table 6b. Care and Domestic Responsibilities - Correlation with Female Caregiver Norm: Attitudes and Norms 45

Table 7. Care and Domestic Responsibilities - Correlation with Perceived Norms, conditional on Personal Beliefs 46

Figure 1. Gender Gaps in Personal Beliefs and Perceived Community Norms by Region 30

Figure 2. Gender Equality in Opportunities 31

Figure 3. Male Breadwinner Norm 32

Figure 4. Female Caregiver Norm 33

Figure 5. Map of misperceptions of a broad norm on support for gender equality in opportunities 34

Figure 6. Map of misperceptions of a male breadwinner norm 35

Figure 7. Map of misperceptions of a female caregiver norm 36

Table A1. Country Coverage and Sample Size of the Survey on Gender Equality at Home 50

Table A2. Description of Outcomes 51

Table A3. Descriptive Statistics of Main Variables by Gender 52

Table A4. Correlation of the Female Caregiver Norm with World Values Survey (WVS) Measure 53

Table A5. Correlation of the Male Breadwinner Norm with World Values Survey Measure 54

Table A6. Correlation of the Broad Norm with the Gallup World Poll Measure 55

Table A7. Data East Asia Pacific (EAP) and Europe Central Asia (ECA) regions 56

Table A8. Data Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions 57

Table A9. Data North America, South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) regions 58

Table A10. Gender Differences in Average Personal Beliefs and Norms by Region of the World 59

Table D1. The Degree of Norm Misperception by Gender across Regions of the World 70

Table D2. Correlates of Norm Miscperceptions 71

Figure B1. Gender Equality in Opportunities Norm: Personal Beliefs and Perceived Norms Split by Gender 61

Figure B2. Male Breadwinner Norm: Personal Beliefs and Perceived Norms Split by Gender 62

Figure B3. Female Caregiver Norm: Personal Beliefs and Perceived Norms Split by Gender 63

Figure C1. Broad Norm: Men and Women should have equal opportunities 64

Figure C2. Breadwinner Norm: Expense are a man's responsibillity even if his wife can help him 64

Figure C3. Caregiver Norm: Women's most important role is to take care of her home and children 65

Figure D1. Gender Differences in Misperceptions of Gender Equality Norm by Region 67

Figure D2. Gender Differences in Misperceptions of Male Breadwinner Norm by Region 68

Figure D3. Gender Differences in Misperceptions of Female Caregiver Norm by Region 69