□ 2024년 글로벌 혁신 지수(GII)는 세계 133개국의 혁신 역량을 분석하고, 과학 및 기술 클러스터를 평가함. 올해의 특별 주제는 '사회적 기업가 정신(Social Entrepreneurship)의 가능성을 열다'로, 혁신이 사회적 기업과 어떻게 연결되는지를 중점적으로 다루고 있음. 전 세계적으로 약 11만 개의 사회적 기업과 3천만 명의 사회적 기업가가 활동 중이며, 이들은 약 2조 달러의 글로벌 GDP를 창출하고 있음
□ 최근 몇 년간 혁신 투자는 둔화되었으며, 특히 2023년에는 연구개발(R&D) 지출 증가율이 감소하고, 과학 논문 출판과 벤처 캐피털 투자가 팬데믹 이전 수준으로 되돌아가는 경향을 보였음. 하지만 디지털 및 심층 과학(Deep Science) 혁신은 지속적으로 발전하고 있으며, 유전자 서열 분석, 컴퓨터 연산 능력, 전기 배터리 기술 등의 분야에서 중요한 성과가 나타나고 있음
□ 기술 채택 속도는 국가별로 차이를 보이며, 5G, 로봇, 전기차 등 일부 기술은 빠르게 확산되는 반면, 친환경 기술과 일부 의료 기술의 보급은 예상보다 더딘 상황임. 사회경제적 지표를 보면, 노동 생산성이 증가하고 빈곤율이 감소하는 등의 긍정적인 변화가 있으나, 기후 변화 대응은 여전히 미흡하여 2023년이 역대 가장 더운 해로 기록되었음
□ 사회적 기업가 정신은 경제적 지속 가능성과 사회적 가치를 동시에 추구하는 혁신 모델로, 전통적인 혁신 정책에서 충분히 주목받지 못했던 영역임. 정책적으로는 사회적 기업 지원을 위한 법적·규제적 환경을 조성하고, 금융 접근성을 확대하며, 데이터 수집과 영향 평가 체계를 구축하는 것이 필요함
□ 결론적으로, 혁신이 경제 성장뿐만 아니라 사회적 변화에도 중요한 역할을 하며, 사회적 기업가 정신은 이러한 변화를 가속화할 수 있는 핵심 동력임. 정부, 민간 부문, 학계가 협력하여 사회적 혁신 생태계를 조성하고, 지속 가능한 발전을 촉진하는 정책을 마련하는 것이 중요함
목차
Title page
Contents
Index to Economy Profiles 6
Foreword 7
Acknowledgments 9
Advisory Committee 12
Advisory Committee members 12
Industry Association Network 13
Academic Network 14
The GII Partners 15
Preface 15
GII 2024 at a glance 17
Global leaders in innovation, 2024 18
Global Innovation Index 2024 rankings 19
Innovation performance at different income levels, 2024 20
Key takeaways 21
Global Innovation Tracker 27
Global Innovation Tracker Dashboard 28
Science and innovation investment 29
Technological progress 40
Technology adoption 43
Socioeconomic impact 46
Conclusion 48
Data notes 49
GII 2024 results 52
Innovation leaders in 2024 53
Innovation overperformers 60
Efficiency champions: Converting innovation investment into tangible innovation output 63
Innovation across the world's regions 64
Conclusion 70
Cluster ranking 72
The GII 2024 top 100 science and technology clusters 73
Special Theme 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship 86
The state of social entrepreneurship 87
The origins of social entrepreneurship 90
Why is social entrepreneurship important now? 91
Innovation and impact in social entrepreneurship 96
Policy opportunities to unlock the promise of social entrepreneurship 105
Conclusion 112
GII 2024 Economy profiles 113
Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2024 114
How to read the Economy profiles 115
Appendix I - Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index 251
Rationale and origins 251
Defining innovation in the GII 251
The GII conceptual framework 252
Adjustments to the GII model in 2024 254
Data limitations and treatment 255
Missing values 256
Treatment of series with outliers 256
Normalization 257
Weights 257
Strengths and weaknesses 257
Caveats on the year-to-year comparison of rankings 258
Appendix II - Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2024 Global Innovation Index 259
Conceptual and statistical coherence within the GII framework 260
The impact of modeling assumptions on the GII results 266
Uncertainty analysis results 268
Sensitivity analysis results 273
Best-practice frontier in the GII by data envelopment analysis 276
Conclusion 280
Appendix III - Sources and definitions 282
1. Institutions 282
2. Human capital and research 284
3. Infrastructure 287
4. Market sophistication 290
5. Business sophistication 292
6. Knowledge and technology outputs 297
7. Creative outputs 301
Appendix IV - Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology 305
Bibliography 317
References 317
Table 1. R&D growth rates of top global corporate R&D spenders, 2019-2023 32
Table 2. Top 10 Economies by income group 59
Table 3. Innovation overperformers in 2024: Income group, region and years as an 61 innovation overperformer 62
Table 4. Heatmap: GII 2024 rankings overall and by innovation pillar, 2024 65
Table 5. Top S&T cluster by economy or cross-border region ranked among the top 100, 2024 75
Table 6. Economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters, 2024 76
Table 7. Top S&T clusters in extended ranking, economies not covered by the top 100 S&T 79 clusters, 2024 80
Table 8. Top science or S&T clusters within Africa 82
Table 9. Top 25 S&T clusters by S&T intensity, 2024 83
Table 10. Top 5 issues addressed by social entrepreneurship globally 89
Table 11. Top 5 financing sources for social entrepreneurship 94
Table 12. Organizational pathways to impact in social entrepreneurship 97
Table 13. Forms of systems innovation in social entrepreneurship 105
Table 14. Barriers and opportunities in social entrepreneurship 106
Figure 1. Number of scientific publications (millions), 2013-2023 30
Figure 2. GDP growth and total and business R&D growth rates, 2007-2025 31
Figure 3a. Nominal R&D expenditure of top R&D spenders by industry and year, 2019-2023 32
Figure 3b. Intensity of top R&D spenders by industry and year, 2019-2023 33
Figure 4. Top R&D spenders by industry, growth rate 2022-2023 34
Figure 5a. Quarterly value of venture capital deals, 1997-2024, 3-point moving average 38
Figure 5b. Number of venture capital deals, 1997-2024, 3-point moving average 39
Figure 6. Regional distribution of venture capital deal value, 1997 and 2023 39
Figure 7. Patent filings growth, 2009-2023 40
Figure 8. Average speed, power and efficiency of top 50 green supercomputers, 2013-2023 41
Figure 9. Average lithium-ion battery price, 2013-2023 42
Figure 10. Number of yearly drug launches, by therapeutic area, 2013-2023 43
Figure 11. Population coverage by type of mobile network, 2015-2023 44
Figure 12. Population living in poverty, by income threshold, 1981-2022, USD PPP 2017 46
Figure 13. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth (years), 2000-2022 47
Figure 14. Global temperature anomaly, 1951-2023 land-ocean global mean temperature 48
Figure 15. Carbon dioxide emissions, 2007-2022 (gigatonnes of carbon) 48
Figure 16. The GII dynamo: The top 15 innovators, 2020-2024 55
Figure 17a. Breaking barriers: Economies soaring to new heights in innovation, 2024 57
Figure 17b. Economies climbing the ladder 58
Figure 18. Innovation overperformers, relative to their economic development 61
Figure 19. Innovation input to output performance, 2024 64
Figure 20. Prevalence of social entrepreneurship among early-stage entrepreneurs, 2021-2022 92
Maps
Map 1. Top 100 clusters worldwide, 2024 74
Map 2a. Top S&T clusters, East Asia, 2024 77
Map 2b. Top S&T clusters, United States, 2024 78
Map 2c. Top S&T clusters, Middle East, 2024 78
Map 2d. Top S&T clusters, Malaysia and Singapore, 2024 79
Map 3. Top science or S&T clusters within Africa 81
Map 4a. European S&T clusters by intensity, 2024 84
Map 4b. United States S&T clusters by intensity, 2024 85
Boxes
Box 1. GII innovation indicators - 2024 trailblazers 53
Box 2. How to best use the Global Innovation Index and what not to do 59
Box 3. Innovation as the driver of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 69
Box 4. The customer pathway in action 98
Box 5. The employee pathway in action 99
Box 6. The product/service pathway in action 100
Box 7. The ecosystem pathway in action 101
Box Tables
Box Table 1. Economies with the most GII indicators ranked top, 2024 54
Appendix Table 1. Changes to the GII 2024 framework 255
Appendix Table 2. Statistical coherence in the GII: correlations between sub-pillars and pillars 264
Appendix Table 3. Distribution of differences between pillar and GII rankings 265
Appendix Table 4. Uncertainty parameters: missing values, aggregation and weights 267
Appendix Table 5. GII 2024 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: rankings and 90 percent confidence intervals 270
Appendix Table 6. Sensitivity analysis: impact of modeling choices on countries with the most sensitive rankings 275
Appendix Table 7a. Pie shares (absolute terms) and efficiency scores for the top 25 GII 2024 economies - input pillars 278
Appendix Table 7b. Pie shares (absolute terms) and efficiency scores for the top 25 GII 2024 economies - output pillars 279
Appendix Table 8. Top 100 S&T clusters, 2024 307
Appendix Table 9. Ranking of S&T intensity 310
Appendix Table 10. Summary of geocoding results 313
Appendix Table 11. African S&T clusters 314
Appendix Figure 1. Robustness analysis of the GII, Input and Output Sub-Indices 268
Appendix Figure 2. GII 2024 scores and DEA "distance to the best-practice frontier" scores 280
Appendix Boxes
Appendix I - Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index 253
Appendix Box 1. Building a robust data infrastructure for the Global Innovation Index 253
Appendix II - Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2024 Global Innovation Index 260
Box 1. Conceptual and statistical coherence in the GII 2024 framework 260
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Global Innovation Index. 2024, Unlocking the promise of social entrepreneurship
(2024 글로벌 혁신 지수 : 사회적 기업가 정신의 가능성을 열다)