목차
Title page 1
Contents 5
Abstract 3
Acknowledgements 4
Executive summary 7
1. Climate policy instruments and what we know about their effectiveness 9
Economic instruments 10
Regulatory instruments 16
Government investment and consumption 20
Information instruments 22
Voluntary approaches 23
2. How policy interaction and sequencing can improve climate policy packages 25
Synergies and risks in climate policy interactions 26
The importance of climate policy sequencing 31
3. Summary and conclusion 34
Notes 35
References 37
Tables 6
Table 1. Synergies and risks in climate policy interactions 27
Figures 5
Figure 1. The OECD IFCMA climate policy instrument typology 9
Figure 2. Climate policy instruments and their progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions 10
Figure 3. The use and stringency of economic instruments in climate policy is increasing 11
Figure 4. Countries are increasingly shifting towards auctioning renewable energy capacity 12
Figure 5. Carbon tax vs. emissions trading system stringency score by sector 15
Figure 6. The use of regulatory instruments is increasing 17
Figure 7. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) stringency by sector 18
Figure 8. Bans and phase-outs have become more popular, but their stringency could be increased 19
Figure 9. Government investment and consumption remain stagnant 21
Figure 10. Mandatory energy efficiency labels are being widely adopted 22
Figure 11. Positive and negative interactions between climate policy instruments 25
Figure 12. Successful policies and policy mixes vary across sectors 26
Figure 13. Carbon credit markets can support the implementation of carbon pricing instruments 33
Boxes 13
Box 1. Environmentally harmful subsidies 13
Box 2. Tax incentive for the deployment of electric vehicles in Norway 14
Box 3. The OECD Effective Carbon Rates 15
Box 4. Regulatory practices for licensing and permitting can hinder progress toward net-zero targets 19
Box 5. Green budgeting 20
Box 6. Voluntary carbon markets 23
Box 7. Combining carbon pricing with redistributive measures raises acceptability and can help progress towards a just transition 29
