목차
Executive Summary i
Table of Contents xiii
Chapter I Introduction 1
1.1 Climate change and APEC cities 1
1.1.1 Climate change and energy transition 1
1.1.2 Energy systems and transition of APEC cities 3
1.2 Urban energy systems challenges 5
1.3 Energy storage and urban energy transition 7
1.4 About this report 10
Chapter II Current Status and Development of Energy Storage Technologies 12
2.1 Overview of energy storage technologies 12
2.1.1 Classification of energy storage technologies 12
2.1.2 Development of energy storage technology 18
2.1.1 Techno-economic performance of energy storage technology 23
2.2 Applications of energy storage system 36
2.2.1 Power system and energy storage 36
2.2.2 Applications of energy storage system 38
2.2.3 Energy storage in urban energy systems 44
2.3 Costs of energy storage technologies 52
2.3.1 Construction costs 52
2.3.2 Levelized costs of storage 53
2.3.3 China's energy storage system costs 56
2.4 Energy storage market 59
2.4.1 Scale of energy storage market 59
2.4.2 Outlook of the energy storage market 63
Chapter III Evaluation and Specification of Energy Storage System 64
3.1 Methods for assessing energy storage technologies 64
3.1.1 Key metrics for evaluating energy storage systems 64
3.1.2 Methods for evaluating energy storage technologies 66
3.1.3 Feasibility assessment of energy storage projects 68
3.2 Technical standards and regulations for energy storage system 72
3.2.1 Technical specifications on the development of energy storage industry 73
3.2.2 Promotion of technological innovation through related performance standards 79
3.2.3 Standardization and interoperability 80
3.2.4 Standards promoting global market access for storage products 81
3.3 Safety of battery energy storage systems 82
3.3.1 Potential safety risks of energy storage systems 83
3.3.2 Safety standards and regulations of battery energy storage systems 85
3.3.3 Safety management strategies 91
3.4 Chapter summary 94
Chapter IV Policy Instruments for Energy Storage Development 97
4.1 Policies and plans of energy storage development 99
4.1.1 Industrialized APEC economies 99
4.1.2 Other APEC economies 109
4.2 Energy storage policies and plans in China 115
4.2.1 Economy-level policies and plans 115
4.2.2 Provincial and municipal levels energy storage policies 121
4.3 Chapter summary 129
Chapter V Development and Deployment of Battery Energy Storage Systems 132
5.1 Battery technologies for energy storage 132
5.1.1 Battery technologies 132
5.1.2 Battery costs 134
5.2 Deployment of BESS in APEC economies 138
5.2.1 Trends overview 138
5.2.2 Australia: From early pilots to an economy ambition 140
5.2.3 China: Globally dominant and rapidly evolving 144
5.2.4 Japan: Accelerating with strong government incentives and utility-led efforts 149
5.2.5 Korea: Synergistic public policy and private innovations 153
5.2.6 The US: Incentivized and renewable integration driven expansion 156
5.2.7 Other APEC economies 161
5.3 Chapter summary 162
Chapter VI System Integration and Operation of Energy Storage 164
6.1 Energy storage in urban power system 164
6.1.1 Changing landscape of urban energy system 164
6.1.2 Roles of energy storage in urban power system 166
6.1.3 Applications of energy storage 170
6.2 Planning and operation of storage system 170
6.2.1 Considerations of energy storage deployment 170
6.2.2 Planning and deployment of BESS 175
6.2.3 Operation of grid connected BESS 185
6.3 Grid integration of BESS 189
6.3.1 Challenges for integration of BESS to urban power grid 190
6.3.2 Framework for grid integration 191
6.3.3 Code and standards for grid integration of BESS 195
6.4 Distributed energy storage systems 200
6.4.1 Community battery program 201
6.4.2 Shared virtual energy storage 204
6.4.3 Industrial and commercial storage 206
6.5 Summary and recommendations 209
Chapter VII Energy Storage Participation in Electricity Markets 214
7.1 Mechanisms of Market Participation 214
7.1.1 Types of electricity markets 216
7.1.2 Capacity and energy markets 219
7.1.3 Spot market and ancillary services market 221
7.2 Practices of market participation 224
7.2.1 United States 227
7.2.2 Australia 230
7.2.3 Korea 234
7.4 Challenges faced for market participation 235
7.5 Chapter summary 237
Chapter VIII Commercial Environment and Storage Project Development 240
8.1 Investment and project development 240
8.1.1 Investment in BESS 240
8.1.2 BESS project development 243
8.2 Creating market-oriented business conditions 248
8.2.1 Investment environment 248
8.2.2 Business models 251
8.2.3 Project development strategies 254
8.3 Build resilient and sustainable supply chain for energy storage 256
8.3.1 Supply chain and industry chain 256
8.3.2 Supply chain of battery energy storage systems 257
8.4 Chapter summary 266
Chapter IX Cases of Energy Storage Applications in China 270
9.1 Integrated solar PV+energy storage+EV charging project in Nanning 271
9.2 Distributed solar PV+Zinc-iron flow battery energy storage project in Shanghai 276
9.3 Integrated generation, distribution, load management and storage: Zero-carbon demonstration at Dangan Island in Zhuhai 282
9.4 Integrated source-grid-load-storage solution: PEDF intelligent DC- microgrid at office building in Qingdao 290
9.5 Grid-side standalone storage: Jiangsu Sheyang 200MW/400MWh shared storage project 298
9.6 Lithium battery+supercapacitor hybrid energy Storage for AGC auxiliary frequency regulation 304
Chapter X Summary and Policy Recommendations 313
10.1 Summary 313
10.2 Policy recommendations supporting energy storage development 321
Sources and References 331
