The Climate Action Monitor 2025

Preface 3
Foreword 4
Reader’s guide 8
Executive summary 11
Key facts and figures 12

1 How far are countries from achieving national and global mitigation objectives 13
 1 1 Global GHG emissions reached an all-time high in 2023 13
 1 2 Countries are not on track to meet their 2030 NDCs 15
 1 3 Current NDCs are misaligned with long-term commitments and net zero 16
 1 4 Most countries face climate ambition and implementation challenges 17
 1 5 Only 18% of GHG emissions, covered by net-zero targets, are backed by legally binding commitments 20
 1 6 GHG emission reduction commitments remain inconsistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goals 21
 1 7 Fossil fuel reliance in heat production and transportation continues to drive emissions 23
 1 8 OECD countries have higher per capita emissions across sectors than OECD partners, except in manufacturing and industry 27
 1 9 Economic growth drives emissions in OECD partner countries 28
 1 10 GHG emissions are embedded in trade 32
 References 34
 Notes 35

2 How vulnerable are countries to climate risks 38
 2 1 Climate-related hazards are projected to intensify 38
 2 2 Extreme temperatures across and within countries are reaching critical levels 40
 2 3 Droughts are deepening risks to agriculture, economies and lives 47
 2 4 Extreme precipitation is rising puts crops and communities at risk 49
 2 5 Economic losses and mortality from climate-related disasters reveal systemic vulnerabilities 51
 References 54
 Notes 57

3 How far did countries’ climate action progress 58
 3 1 Climate action in 2024 expanded only marginally 58
 3 2 Progress in climate action in AFOLU, waste and transport sectors remained modest 63
 3 3 Climate action in the transport sector needs to be ramped up 64
 3 4 Market-based instruments grew slightly in 2024, but remain less used 70
 3 5 Climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean only expanded marginally since 2021 75
 References 82
 Notes 83

Annex A Additional figures 85
References 87
Annex B Data gaps methodology and limitations 88
 Chapter 1 88
 Chapter 2 90
 Chapter 3 91
 References 94