목차
Title page 1
Contents 6
Preface 4
Foreword 5
Reader's guide 9
Executive summary 12
Key facts and figures 13
1. How far are countries from achieving national and global mitigation objectives? 14
1.1. Global GHG emissions reached an all-time high in 2023 14
1.2. Countries are not on track to meet their 2030 NDCs 16
1.3. Current NDCs are misaligned with long-term commitments and net zero 17
1.4. Most countries face climate ambition and implementation challenges 18
1.5. Only 18% of GHG emissions, covered by net-zero targets, are backed by legally binding commitments 21
1.6. GHG emission reduction commitments remain inconsistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goals 22
1.7. Fossil fuel reliance in heat production and transportation continues to drive emissions 24
1.8. OECD countries have higher per capita emissions across sectors than OECD partners, except in manufacturing and industry 28
1.9. Economic growth drives emissions in OECD partner countries 29
1.10. GHG emissions are embedded in trade 33
References 35
Notes 36
2. How vulnerable are countries to climate risks? 39
2.1. Climate-related hazards are projected to intensify 39
2.2. Extreme temperatures across and within countries are reaching critical levels 41
2.3. Droughts are deepening risks to agriculture, economies and lives 48
2.4. Extreme precipitation is rising puts crops and communities at risk 50
2.5. Economic losses and mortality from climate-related disasters reveal systemic vulnerabilities 52
References 55
Notes 58
3. How far did countries' climate action progress? 59
3.1. Climate action in 2024 expanded only marginally 59
3.2. Progress in climate action in AFOLU, waste and transport sectors remained modest 64
3.3. Climate action in the transport sector needs to be ramped up 65
3.4. Market-based instruments grew slightly in 2024, but remain less used 71
3.5. Climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean only expanded marginally since 2021 76
References 83
Notes 84
Annex A. Additional figures 86
References 88
Annex B. Data gaps, methodology and limitations 89
Chapter 1 89
Chapter 2 91
Chapter 3 92
References 95
Tables 7
Table 1.1. OECD countries advance in all sectors except transport, OECD partner countries see increases in most sectors 26
Table 3.1. Top drivers of climate action in 2024 62
Figures 7
Figure 1.1. GHG emissions continue to grow in OECD partner countries 15
Figure 1.2. OECD and OECD partner countries are not on track to deliver their 2030 NDCs 16
Figure 1.3. OECD and OECD partner countries' NDCs are not aligned with net zero 17
Figure 1.4. Few countries are on track to achieve their NDCs and most are not aligned with 2050 commitments 19
Figure 1.5. Implied percentage reduction in GHG emissions from 2023 to NDC targets 20
Figure 1.6. Global GHG emissions under a net-zero target law plateau at 17.7% 22
Figure 1.7. Global NDC and net-zero targets fall short of Paris Agreement goals 23
Figure 1.8. Electricity/heat and transportation account for the largest shares of GHG emissions 25
Figure 1.9. Land cover as shown by Earth observation data in Europe 27
Figure 1.10. OECD countries have higher per capita emissions across sectors than OECD partners, except in manufacturing and industrial processes 29
Figure 1.11. Gains in energy efficiency and clean energy surpass growth in OECD countries, but not in OECD partner countries 30
Figure 1.12. GHG emissions intensity remains high in OECD partner countries 32
Figure 1.13. Per capita emissions in many OECD countries exceed the global average 33
Figure 1.14. OECD countries drive GHG emissions in OECD partner countries through their demand for imported goods 34
Figure 2.1. Forward-looking indicators forecast that average temperatures will increase substantially across different climate scenarios 40
Figure 2.2. Most exposed countries to heat stress often have the least resources to adapt 42
Figure 2.3. Heat exposure and vulnerability among elderly populations in Japan 43
Figure 2.4. Despite differences in historical exposure to extreme heat, countries will need to increase resilience 45
Figure 2.5. Rising hot days and tropical nights disproportionately affect some regions and populations 46
Figure 2.6. Brazil could face over 200 hot days annually by the end of the century, under a very high emissions scenario 47
Figure 2.7. Economies based on food exports affected by increased exposure to droughts worldwide 49
Figure 2.8. An increasing amount of forest cover is in areas at risk of wildfires 50
Figure 2.9. Tropical regions face the highest cropland exposure to extreme rainfall 51
Figure 2.10. Economic losses from climate-related natural disasters rose steadily over three decades 53
Figure 2.11. Heat waves drive year-to-year surges in extreme temperature deaths 54
Figure 3.1. Climate action expanded only marginally since 2022 60
Figure 3.2. Divergence of climate action risks undermining global mitigation efforts 63
Figure 3.3. Growth of climate action varies significantly across countries 64
Figure 3.4. AFOLU, waste and transport sectors lag other sectors, underscoring the need for stronger action 65
Figure 3.5. Despite recent action, climate action in the transport sector remains behind other energy sectors 66
Figure 3.6. EV subsidies dominate growth in transport climate action, but overall progress remains uneven 67
Figure 3.7. Bans on ICE passenger cars are rising, but most will become effective from 2035 only 68
Figure 3.8. Stronger climate action is linked to lower transport emissions growth 69
Figure 3.9. Policy mixes are more successful in reducing emissions than stand-alone policies 70
Figure 3.10. Market-based instruments remain less used despite proven effectiveness 71
Figure 3.11. Use of market-based instruments varies significantly across countries 72
Figure 3.12. CORSIA coverage grows, but several key aviation sector emitters do not participate 73
Figure 3.13. Carbon pricing is strongly linked with regulations 75
Figure 3.14. Record levels of low-carbon R&D investment highlight growing policy commitment 76
Figure 3.15. Climate action in LAC countries considerably increased up to 2020 but its pace has diminished since 77
Figure 3.16. Climate action in Central American countries grew strongest until 2021, but has declined since 78
Figure 3.17. Growth of climate action varies significantly across policy instrument types 79
Figure 3.18. Latin American countries' reliance on market-based instruments is very limited 81
Figure 3.19. LAC countries have a diverse set of policies in place in 2024 82
Boxes 8
Box 1.1. NDC 3.0: Raising ambition for 2035 targets 20
Box 1.2. LULUCF: A critical but uncertain component of global emissions 27
Box 1.3. Decomposing changes in emissions using the Kaya Identity 31
Box 1.4. Addressing carbon leakage risks by using interoperable carbon intensity metrics 34
Box 2.1. Vulnerability to extreme heat also varies within populations: The case of Japan 43
Box 2.2. Large swaths of Brazil are projected to face growing impacts of extreme heat under high-emission scenarios 47
Box 2.3. The expanding reach of wildfires: forests and populations at risk 50
Box 2.4. Measuring progress in adapting the agricultural sector to climate risks 52
Box 3.1. The Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework 2025 edition 61
Box 3.2. Effective strategies to reduce transport emissions 70
Box 3.3. Denmark pioneers the world's first carbon tax on agricultural emissions 74
Box 3.4. Carbon Pricing in the Americas (CPA) 80
Annex Tables 90
Table B.1. Detailed estimates of GHG emissions targets for 2030 and 2050 (Gt CO₂e) 90
Annex Figures 86
Figure A.1. Top ten IPAC emitters and emissions from the rest of the world 86
Figure A.2. Successful policy interventions in the transport sector 87
Figure A.3. EV passenger cars sales reached a record-high in 2024 88
Figure B.1. The policy scope of the CAPMF 2025 edition 94
