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Green technology book : energy solutions for climate change in Asia and the Pacific
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Title page 1
Contents 5
Foreword by WIPO 6
Foreword by Partners 8
Acknowledgments 10
Acronyms 12
Executive summary 15
Key messages 19
Methodology 23
1. Introduction 26
Green energy solutions for climate change in the Asia-Pacific 27
Climate finance and corporation in the Asia-Pacific region 32
The role of innovation and intellectual property rights for clean energy technologies 37
2. Green urban energy solutions in the Asia-Pacific region 45
Low-carbon energy solutions in urban households 46
Green solutions for public spaces and transportation 66
Energy efficiency for water utilities 89
3. Green rural energy solutions in the Asia-Pacific region 110
Climate solutions for rural households and communities 111
Clean energy solutions for agriculture on-farm 132
Clean energy solutions for agriculture post-harvest 153
Energy transition in fisheries and aquaculture 172
4. Green energy solutions for key service sectors in the Asia-Pacific region 193
Low-carbon hotels 194
Energy-efficient shopping malls 215
Bibliography 235
Tables 32
Table 1.1. Flow of clean energy-related climate finance in the Asia-Pacific region, 2019 32
Table 1.2. Renewable energy investment in Asia (in billion USD), 2019 36
Table 2.1. Energy requirement of different desalination technologies 94
Table 4.1. Shares of energy consumption of appliances in hotels in hot climates 195
Figures 28
Figure 1.1. GHG emissions (World, Asia, China, India, Japan), 1850-2023 28
Figure 1.2. GHG emissions by sector, Asia 2021 29
Figure 1.3. Share of electricity from low-carbon sources, Asia-Pacific, 2022-23 29
Figure 1.4. Energy related MDB climate finance in Asia (in million USD), 2019 33
Figure 1.5. SDG-linked technologies (circle size is proportionate to number of active patent families) 38
Figure 1.6. Share of patent applications in energy-related technologies for the top origins, 2020-2022 40
Figure 1.7. Regional breakdown of patent families in different transport modalities 41
Figure 1.8. Patent family publications in solid-state batteries, 2000-2023 42
Figure 1.9. Top filing authorities in the predictive models in precision agriculture field 43
Figure 2.1. The global smart home market by region (in billion USD) 47
Figure 2.2. Share of households using air-conditioning systems in 2017 48
Figure 2.3. Heat pump sales by country or region, 2019-2023 (capacities, GW) 50
Figure 2.4a. Power generation layer of film-type perovskite solar cells 52
Figure 2.4b. Building material panel of film-type perovskite solar cells 53
Figure 2.5. Renewable % share in electricity production in selected economies in the Asia-Pacific region 67
Figure 2.6. Global passenger EV sales by market 67
Figure 2.7. The BEM® Savitré™ solar bicycle, retrofitted over a Stryder® Zeeta Plus™ 70
Figure 2.8. Electric 2W sales in India 71
Figure 2.9. Comparison of road surface temperature on summer days in Japan (°C) 74
Figure 2.10. Water withdrawal for thermal power generation in China (billion cubic meter), 2000-2014 89
Figure 2.11. Non-revenue water (%) in selected economies in Asia and the Pacific 91
Figure 3.1. Features of a third-generation mini-grid system 118
Figure 3.2. Share of GHG emissions by stage within the food production sector (%) 132
Figure 3.3. Share of total energy consumption globally and in high- and low-income countries in the agri-food chain 133
Figure 3.4. Energy consumption in agriculture, forestry and fishing, by country (in terajoules) 134
Figure 3.5. Percentage of global fishing vessels with and without engine by continent, 2020 172
Figure 3.6. Aerator powered by vertical axis wind turbine 176
Figure 3.7. Recirculating aquaculture system 179
Figure 4.1. Hotel stays carbon impact in 2022 (kgCO₂e per room per night) 194
Figure 4.2. World Sentosa, Singapore 217
Figure 4.3. Solar carport 219
Boxes 34
Box 1.1. Alternative and innovative sources of financing 34
Box 1.2. Intellectual property rights 40
Box 2.1/Box 2.2. Heat pump technology 49
Box 2.2/Box 2.1. Cementitious or elastomeric binders 51
Box 2.3. Different battery technologies 68
Box 2.4. How different governance strategies can help renewable energy integration in public buildings 75
Box 2.5. Maximizing energy efficiency through advanced motor technologies 92
Box 2.6. Electro-deionization (EDI) technology for desalination 94
Box 3.1. Cross-cutting challenges and opportunities for clean cooking technologies in Asia 115
Box 3.2. Fish, farms and the future: Mekong at a crossroads 177
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Green technology book : energy solutions for climate change in Asia and the Pacific
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