Making the green premium work

INTRODUCTION  2
1. IS THERE A PREMIUM FOR GREEN CRMS? 4
 1.1. SUSTAINABILITY VS SECURITY: BALANCING GREEN PREMIA WITH SUPPLY SECURITY GOALS 8
2. PRICE DISCOVERY AND THE ROLE OF MARKET EXCHANGES 12
3. TRACEABILITY AND HARMONISED ESG STANDARDS AS MARKET ENABLERS 17
4. MINIMUM MARKET ACCESS REQUIREMENTS AS A REGULATORY FLOOR 19
5. PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AS A CONDITIONAL SUPPORT INSTRUMENT 23
 5.1. LOCAL CONTENT REQUIREMENTS 25
6. OFFTAKE SUPPORT AND DE-RISKING INSTRUMENTS 27
 6.1. OFFTAKE AGREEMENTS 27
 6.2. PRICE STABILISATION MECHANISMS 29
 6.3. VOLUME GUARANTEES 30
 6.4. MATCHMAKING AND THE ‘GREEN MARKET MAKER’ APPROACH 32
7. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND COOPERATION INSTRUMENTS 34
 7.1. TRADE AGREEMENTS AND STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS 34
 7.2. MULTILATERAL COOPERATION 36
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 39
REFERENCES 42