목차
Abstract ii
Acknowledgments iv
Summary vi
Issue vi
Research Questions vi
Approach vii
Key Findings viii
Recommendations viii
Table of Contents x
Figures xiv
Tables xvi
Abbreviations xvii
1. Multinational Companies and Climate Change 1
1.1. Policy Context Around Multinational Companies 2
1.2. The Role of Multinational Companies in Mitigating Global Emissions 4
1.3. Multistakeholder Voluntary Climate Initiatives 6
1.4. Research Questions 8
1.5. Organization of this Dissertation 9
2. The Role of Supply Chain Policies in Climate Change Mitigation 10
2.1. Existing Literature on Voluntary Corporate Policies 11
2.1.1. Drivers of Voluntary Corporate Policies 12
2.1.2. Empirical Effects of Voluntary Corporate Policies 14
2.2. Voluntary Scope 3 Supply Chain Policies 17
2.3. Theory of Change 18
2.3.1. Hypothesis Testing: To reorganize or to fix-in-place 19
2.3.2. Capturing Firm Motivations Along the Theory of Change 20
2.4. Discussion 25
3. Methodological Framework for Analyzing Policy Effects 27
3.1. Mapping Supply Chains 27
3.1.1. Drivers of Voluntary Corporate Policies 29
3.1.2. Identifying Suppliers 30
3.1.3. Identifying Supplier Cluster Locations 32
3.2. Estimation Method 34
3.2.1. Treatment Timing 34
3.2.2. DiD Design 35
3.2.3. Assessing the Parallel Trends Assumption 39
3.3. Methodological Limitations 40
3.4. Best Practice for Framework Implementation 41
4. Customer-Level Effects on Supplier Networks 43
4.1. Scope of Analysis 43
4.2. Outcome Variables 46
4.3. Estimation Method 47
4.3.1. Timing in Policy Adoption 47
4.3.2. DiD Design 48
4.4. Descriptive Statistics 49
4.5. Results and Findings 51
4.5.1. Policy Effects over Time 51
4.5.2. Pre-Treatment Trends 53
4.5.3. Average Annual Policy Effects 53
4.5.4. Robustness 54
4.6. Discussion 56
5. Supplier-Level Effects on Emissions Performance 58
5.1. Outcome Variable 58
5.2. Estimation Method 59
5.2.1. Timing in Policy Exposure 60
5.2.2. DiD Design 63
5.2.3. Assessing Parallel Trends 64
5.3. Descriptive Statistics 65
5.4. Results and Findings 67
5.4.1. Annual Average Emissions Effects 67
5.4.2. Pre-Treatment Trends 70
5.4.3. Benchmarking Estimates 71
5.5. Discussion 73
6. Local Environmental Impacts using Satellite-Observed CO2 75
6.1. Outcome Variable 76
6.2. Estimation Method 79
6.2.1. Timing in Policy Exposure 79
6.2.2. Grid-Level Covariates 81
6.2.3.DiD Design 81
6.3. Descriptive Statistics 82
6.4. Results and Findings 83
6.4.1. Average Monthly Treatment Effects over Time 84
6.4.2. Cumulative Effects over Time 85
6.4.3. Robustness 86
6.4.4. Comparing with Natural CO2 Variation 88
6.6. Discussion 89
7. Country-Level Interactions with Local Policy Context 91
7.1. Estimation Method 91
7.1.1. Country-Level Policy Exposure 92
7.1.2. Stratification across Country Types 94
7.2 Descriptive Statistics 95
7.3. Results and Findings 96
7.3.1. Innovation Capacity 97
7.3.2. Market Maturity Dimensions 98
7.3.3. Regulatory Quality 98
7.5. Discussion 98
8. Policy Implications for MNCs, Suppliers, and Society-at-Large 101
8.1. Revisiting the Fix-in-Place versus Reorganization Hypotheses 102
8.2. Policy Recommendations 102
8.2.1. Reducing Barriers for Wider Supplier Participation 103
8.2.2. Enhancing Local Capabilities to Improve Outcomes 104
8.2.3. Integrating Scope 3 Supply Chain Policies into Broader Climate Strategies 105
8.3. Contributions of this Research 106
8.4. Future Research 107
9. Concluding Remarks 110
Appendix A. Supplemental Results 113
A.1. Full Results 113
A.2. Model Comparis ons Figures 121
A.3. Background Data 125
References 126
