Executive Summary 4

Introduction 5

Section 1: Policy Problems and Layered Responses 7

Littoral State Responses 7

Regional Layering 8

Section 2: What Explains Maritime Crime? 10

Economic Drivers 10

Opportune Geography 10

Political Cycles 11

Local Networks 11

Domain-awareness Data 12

Section 3. Deterring Maritime Crime 13

Static Infrastructure and the Spatial Limits of Deterrence 13

Section 4. Maritime Crime Clustered 15

Section 5. Why Maritime Crime Clusters 20

Section 6. Conclusions and Policy Implications 21

Appendix: Research Design 22

Notes 23