Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

1. Introduction 3

2. Data Sources 9

3. Gender Gaps in Pay and Labor Market Transitions 10

3.1. Gender Differences in Pay and Pay Growth 10

3.2. Gender Differences in Labor Market Transitions 12

3.3. Job Search Behavior 13

4. Gender Differences in Job Amenities 15

4.1. Reservation Wages and Amenity Preferences 15

4.2. Gender Differences in Realized Job Amenities 18

5. An Equilibrium On-the-Job Search Model with Amenities 21

5.1. Model Setup 22

5.2. Model Calibration 27

5.3. Decomposition of Gender Gaps 31

5.4. Changes in Amenity Provision by Firms 32

5.5. Application: Rise of Remote Work 33

6. Conclusion 34

References 36

Appendix 40

A. Additional Empirical Results 40

B. Construction of the Amenity Index 50

C. Model Appendix 55

Tables 11

Table 1. The Gender Pay Gap using Two Measures of Pay: Hourly Wages and Weekly Earnings 11

Table 2. Gender Gaps in Pay Growth 12

Table 3. Job Search Behavior by Gender 14

Table 4. Wages, Job Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction by Gender 17

Table 5. Estimated Gender Gaps in Job Amenity and Wage Changes at the Occupation Level 21

Table 6. Model Parameterization 29

Table 7. Gender Gaps in the Model 30

Table 8. Gender Gaps in Wages, Employment, Job Values, Amenities, and Productivity 32

Figures 13

Figure 1. Worker Transition Rates by Gender 13

Figure 2. Reservation Wages, Desired Work Hours, and Disamenity Valuations by Gender 16

Figure 3. Female Shares by Occupation-level Amenities and Wages 20

Figure 4. Changes in Amenity Provision 33

Figure 5. Changes in Amenity Production Costs and Preferences 34

Appendix Tables 40

Table A1. Gender Wage Gap in Current Hourly Wage in the CPS 40

Table A2. Gender Gaps in Pay Growth for Recent Hires 41

Table A3. Gender Gaps in Pay Growth: All Workers vs. Workers without Children 42

Table A4. Gender Differences in Job-to-Job Transitions 43

Table A5. Gender Differences in Worker Transitions 44

Table A6. Incidence of Job Search by Gender and Employment Status 45

Table A7. Search Effort and Outcomes by Gender, Controlling for Observables 45

Table A8. Gender Gaps in Reservation Wages, Desired Hours, and Disamenity Valuations 46

Table A9. Wages, Job Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction by Gender and Children 47

Table A10. Relationships between Occupational Wages, Amenities, and Female Share 48

Table A11. Estimated Gender Gaps in Job Amenity and Wage Changes at the Occupation Level 49

Table B1. Rankings of Occupation by Amenity Index Value 52

Table B2. Gender Gaps in Job Amenities, in Levels: Amenity Index Components 53

Table C1. SCE Job Search Moments (Prior to Rescaling) 55

Table C2. Targeted Moments in the Calibration 56

Table C3. Gender Gaps in Wages, Employment, Job Values, Amenities, and Productivity (Not Cumulative) 60

Table C4. The Gender Gaps in Earnings and Amenity Growth in the Model 60

Table C5. Model Counterfactuals 61

Appendix Figures 54

Figure B1. Occupation-Level Relation between Amenities and Wages 54