Foreword 3

Acknowledgements 4

Executive summary 8

1 Pay transparency in progress 10

1.1. Progress in closing the gender pay gap remains painfully slow 11

1.2. The principle of equal pay for work of equal value is a cornerstone of gender equality in the labour market 14

1.3. Pay transparency tools are increasingly popular, with approaches evolving rapidly 15

1.4. Pay transparency systems are in transition 18

1.5. Well-designed pay transparency measures can narrow pay gaps 25

1.6. Key findings and policy recommendations for governments 31

References 32

Notes 35

2 Gender-neutral job evaluation and classification 37

2.1. What are gender-neutral job evaluation and classification systems? 38

2.2. Job evaluation systems help assess and compare the value of diverse work 41

2.3. Gender-neutral job classifications are not (yet) the norm 52

2.4. Countries are supporting employers in conducting job evaluations and classifications 58

2.5. The EU Pay Transparency Directive drives convergence on job evaluation and classifications 67

References 70

Notes 72

3 Pay transparency in the OECD: An overview 73

3.1. Pay gap reporting is set to become the norm across OECD countries 75

3.2. Coverage: Who reports, and when? 79

3.3. Content: What do companies need to report? 82

3.4. Pay auditing: Must companies analyse or address pay inequalities? 84

3.5. Communicating requirements and results: How to drive impact? 86

3.6. Oversight: How do countries ensure compliance? 90

3.7. Driving efficiency: How are countries leveraging digital tools and data? 96

3.8. Pre-employment salary transparency 98

References 109

Notes 113

4 Pay transparency in practice: OECD case studies 116

4.1. Introduction and overview of the case studies 118

4.2. Pay transparency in Belgium 121

4.3. Pay transparency in France 129

4.4. Pay transparency in Portugal 138

4.5. Pay transparency in Spain 146

References 154

Notes 156

Annex A. Overview of measures to help employers or social partners implement gender-neutral job evaluation and classification schemes 159

Annex B. Key actors involved in the definition and implementation of changes related to the EU Pay Transparency Directive 176

Annex C. Information about pay reporting measures in the public and private sectors 179

References 184

Annex D. Required content in private sector pay reporting 185

References 189

Annex E. Job classification systems required or suggested to be used in private sector gender pay reporting 190

References 191