Part I. International security and armed conflict, 2025

1. Reflections on the challenges of systemic disruption and the future of peace research 1

2. Global trends in armed conflict 2

3. Regional security and conflict dynamics 3

4. Peace processes and multilateral peace operations 4

Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2025

5. Military expenditure 6

6. Arms production and military services 7

7. International arms transfers 8

8. World nuclear forces 10

9. Proliferation and use of missiles and armed uncrewed aerial vehicles 12

Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2025

10. Nuclear disarmament, arms control, non-proliferation and security 13

11. Chemical weapons and security threats 14

12. Biological weapons and health security threats 15

13. Conventional arms control and the regulation of inhumane weapons 16

14. Artificial intelligence and international peace and security 17

15. Cyber and digital technologies: Trends, incidents and governance 18

16. Space security governance 19

17. Dual-use and arms trade controls 20

Annexes 22