Foreword 3

Acknowledgements 4

Executive summary 7

1 Overview 9

References 15

2 Using public procurement to strengthen national economies through industrial policies 17

2.1. Direct measures to strengthen the national economy affecting international trade and public procurement 19

2.2. Indirect measures supporting national economies and impacting trade 37

References 42

Notes 50

3 Trade measures involving public procurement impacting industrialisation policies and the resilience of global value chains 51

3.1. The key role of international procurement to deliver public services effectively through

public procurement 52

3.2. Ensuring reciprocity of exchanges through public procurement 62

3.3. The relevance of international trade and global value chains for public procurement 71

References 74

Notes 80

4 Conclusions 81

4.1. Updating the 2017 OECD Taxonomy of measures affecting trade in government procurement processes 82

4.2. Advancing further the impact assessment of using public procurement to support industrial goals 82

4.3. Leveraging digital technologies to enhance access to public procurement markets 83

References 83