1 Introduction  5

2 Operating environment  7

3 Development of defence  13

3.1 Land defence  16

3.2 Maritime defence  17

3.3 Air and missile defence  18

3.4 Space  20

3.5 Joint capabilities and essential enablers for defence  21

3.5.1 Special operations forces  21

3.5.2 Command and control systems, cyber defence, electromagnetic warfare and information defence  21

3.5.3 Logistics and infrastructure  22

3.5.4 Technology and defence industry  23

3.5.5 Personnel  24

4 Financial resources  26

4.1 What does a war cost?  28

4.2 Defence sustainment and development costs  29

4.3 Procurement processes and EU and NATO financial mechanisms  31

4.4 Supporting Ukraine  32

5 Conclusions  33

Dissenting opinion of the Left Alliance parliamentary group  36

Reasoning  36