Executive Summary i

  Recommendations iii

  Figure 1: Cost of inaction in relation to nutrient pollution iv

01 Purpose and objectives 1

02 Opportunities versus business as usual 2

  Cost of inaction versus benefits of action related to nutrients 2

  Cost of inaction versus benefits of action related to wastewater 3

  Figure 2: Removal of PFAS in Minnesota 4

  Figure 3: The costs of PFAS 5

  Box 1: Unlocking High-Value Markets Through Recovered Nitrogen 7

03 Addressing the nutrient and wastewater challenge – policies and frameworks 9

  Global Conventions and Frameworks Targeting Nutrient and Wastewater Pollution 9

  National actions to reduce nutrient loss and improve efficiency 10

  Box 2: Technological innovations in nutrient management 10

  Box 3: Nutrient Trading and Market Mechanisms 11

  National actions to improve wastewater management and build a wastewater circular economy 12

04 Financial mechanisms 14

  Box 4: Green and blue bonds and sustainable bonds 14

  Box 5: Role of financial institutions 14

  Financing nutrient abatement 14

  Financing sustainable wastewater management 15

  Box 6: Debt for climate swaps in Barbados 15

05 Conclusions and way forward 16

06 References 17