Preface 3

Foreword 5

Acknowledgements 8

Reader’s Guide 16

Executive Summary 25

What is PISA? 46

  OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 46

  What is unique about PISA? 46

  Which countries and economies participate in PISA? 46

  Key features of PISA 2025 47

  Where can you find the results? 49

  Notes 50

1 Multidimensional student learning in PISA 2025 51

  The multidimensional framework for competent learners 52

  Competent learners 54

  Safe and fair learning environments 62

  Supportive families and schools 62

  Student engagement in environmental challenges 63

  References 66

  Notes 66

2 Student performance in PISA 2025 68

  Performance in science, reading, mathematics and computational problem solving 70

  Changes in performance across cycles 89

  Equity in education in PISA 2025 108

  References 144

  Notes 147

3 Student attitudes towards learning 150

  Curiosity and perseverance 155

  Growth mindset, beliefs about the nature of science and cognitive adaptability 162

  Student agency: Self-regulated help seeking and goal setting 178

  Sense of belonging and the value of school for students 189

  Student engagement with learning and performance in science 205

  References 212

  Notes 215

4 Student school life and beyond 217

  Introduction 220

  School resources 221

  Relationships with teachers and families 250

  School climate 259

  References 273

  Notes 275

5 Students and the environment 280

  Introduction 282

  Student proficiency in environmental science in PISA 2025z 283

  Environmental attitudes as reported in PISA 2025 287

  Environmental commitment 293

  Environmental proficiency, attitudes and commitment 299

  School opportunities for environmental learning and action 302

  References 306

  Notes 307

Annex A1. Trends in reading scores over three PISA cycles (2018-2025) 308

Annex A2. The PISA target population and the PISA samples 321

Annex A3. Technical notes on analyses in this volume 326

Annex B1. Results for countries and economies 332

Annex B2. Results for regions within countries 344

Annex C. Released items from the PISA 2025 Science and Learning in the Digital World (LDW) assessments 346

Annex D. Overview of performance trends 359

Annex E. The development and implementation of PISA: A collaborative effort 360