Executive summary 6

  IBs as drivers of economic growth for all people and places 6

  Social enterprises as a complementary approach to the ASEAN IB agenda 7

  Policy orientations to further promote IBs and social enterprises in ASEAN 7

1 Introduction 9

  What are IBs in the ASEAN context? 9

  How are IBs and social enterprises related? 10

2 Overview of IBs and social enterprises in ASEAN 12

  The evolving IB and social enterprise landscape in ASEAN 12

  IBs and social enterprises as complementary models 13

3 Support mechanisms for IBs and social enterprises 16

  ASEAN-level support 16

  National level support 18

  Other forms of support 27

4 Challenges faced by IBs and social enterprises across ASEAN 30

  Financial challenges 30

  Ecosystem constraints 31

  Operational barriers 32

5 Policy orientations 33

  Complement IB instruments by considering the development of an ASEAN framework for social

  enterprises 33

  Support the scaling of social enterprises into IB models 36

  Leverage and mobilise IBs and social enterprises to address development challenges 39

References 45

  Notes 54