Executive summary 2

Introduction 3

China’s military cognitive warfare doctrine and force structure 5

CCP military cognitive warfare against Japan and Taiwan 6

  Japan 6

  Taiwan 10

Taiwan and Japan face different cognitive warfare gaps but can offset each other 13

Conclusion and recommendations 15

Appendix A – DISARM Framework overview 17

Appendix B – CCP cognitive warfare against Japan and Taiwan: Red actions and blue capabilities 18