Acknowledgements 4

Key insights 7

Executive summary 9

1 Introduction 11

2 The use of carbon-intensity metrics in trade-related contexts 13

  2.1. Global developments in the use of carbon-intensity metrics 13

  2.2. Key actors in the implementation of carbon-intensity requirements 15

  2.3. Applying a trade facilitation lens to the enforcement of carbon-intensity requirements 16

3 Mapping the emerging landscape of carbon-intensity requirements 18

4 Technical interoperability: Data elements, documents and exchange systems 21

5 Managing potential disruptions through trade facilitation frameworks 23

  5.1. Potential disruptions to existing trade facilitation frameworks 23

  5.2. Potential solutions offered by trade facilitation tools in the enforcement of carbon-intensity requirements 26

6 Practical considerations and implications for identifying implementation readiness 28

  6.1. Implementation readiness across actors 28

  6.2. Implementation readiness across sectors 30

  6.3. Implementation readiness from the perspective of developing economies 31

  6.4. Conclusions and policy observations 31

Annex A. Developing a mapping of carbon-intensity requirements enforced at the border 33

Annex B. Preliminary checklist for border-enforced carbon-intensity requirements 36

Annex C. Selected examples of relevant trade facilitation and digitalisation initiatives 40

References 41