Foreword 3

Abbreviations and acronyms 4

Executive summary 5

1 Introduction 9

  1.1. Causes and consequences of skill imbalances 10

  1.2. Definitions and measures of skill imbalances 11

2 Methodological considerations 15

  2.1. Indicators of occupational imbalances 16

  2.2. Method behind the Skills for Jobs Indicator 21

3 Occupational imbalances, skill shortages and policy implications 26

  3.1. Occupational imbalances 27

  3.2. Knowledge, abilities and skill shortages 39

  3.3. Policy implications 44

References 48

Annex A. Supporting material 61

Notes 79