Tables, Figures, and Boxes v

Foreword vii

Acknowledgments ix

Executive Summary x

1. Recent Trends in Asia and the Pacific Trade 1

  1.1 Geopolitical Tensions and Policy Uncertainty 1

  1.2 Trends in Asia and the Pacific Trade 4

  1.3 Overall Direction and Growth of Trade in Goods and Services 10

2. Recent Trends in Aid for Trade 16

  2.1 Trends in Aid for Trade 16

  2.2 Aid for Trade and the Least Developed Countries 23

3. Global Value Chains in Asia and the Pacific 27

  3.1 Measuring Global Value Chains: Concepts and Data 29

  3.2 Global Value Chain Trends in Asia and the Pacific 30

4. Aid for Trade, Services, and Global Value Chains in Asia and the Pacific 39

  4.1 Services, Trade, and Global Value Chains 40

  4.2 Integration into Services Global Value Chains: The Asia and the Pacific Perspective 41

  4.3 Services Trade Policies, Institutions, and Global Value Chain Upgrading 54

  4.4 Aid for Trade and Global Value Chain-Related Trade and Integration in Services 56

  4.5 Aid for Trade and Services in Global Value Chains: Empirical Analysis 59

  4.6 Conclusion 62

5. Agrifood Global Value Chains: Upgrading, Resilience, and the Aid for Trade Agenda 63

  5.1 Agrifood Global Value Chains Beyond Manufacturing: Concepts and Framework 64

  5.2 Mapping Participation, Position, and Concentration 66

  5.3 Domestic Value Creation, Upgrading, and Labor-Market Effects 72

  5.4 Specialization, Diversification, and Resilience 80

  5.5 Geopolitical Tensions, Trade Disputes, and Shock Transmission 85

  5.6 Environmental Sustainability 87

  5.7 Conclusion 88

6. Aid for Trade for Unlocking Opportunities in Global Value Chains Beyond Manufacturing 89

  6.1 Aid for Trade and Global Value Chains in Services 90

  6.2 Aid for Trade and Global Value Chains in Tourism 92

  6.3 Aid for Trade and Global Value Chains in Agrifood 96

  6.4 Differentiated Responses and Regional Cooperation 99

  6.5 Conclusion 102

Appendixes 104

  A1 Economy Categorizations Based on Bailey, Strezhnev and Voeten (2017) 104

  A2 Services Exports of Aid for Trade Recipients, 2022-2024 106

  A3: Empirical Methodology and Regression Results 107

  A4: Empirical Methodology 111

References 115