Foreword 3

Editorial 4

Executive summary 10

1 Recent developments in international migration movements and labour market inclusion of immigrants 15

  In Brief 16

  Recent trends in international migration 18

  Recent trends in the labour market outcomes of immigrants 57

  References 68

  Annex 1.A. Supplementary tables and figures 69

  Notes 87

2 Recent developments in migration policy 89

  In Brief 90

  Major policy trends in 2025-2026 90

  Return systems under reform across OECD countries 94

  Researcher mobility and global competition for scientific talent 99

  References 103

3 Recent developments in migrant integration policy 105

  In Brief 106

  Major changes over the past year 107

  Citizenship access and naturalisation 109

  Access to benefits and material support 111

  Decentralisation and the subnational level 112

4 International recruitment and retention of migrant long-term care workers 115

  In Brief 116

  Introduction 117

  What is long-term care, who provides it and where is it delivered 117

  Demographic change is leading to increased demand for care workers 118

  Taxonomy of OECD countries approach to care worker migration 122

  Capturing data on care workers, including foreign-born, is a challenge 124

  The overall contribution of migrants in the care sector workforce 126

  Countries rely on different pools of migrants to meet labour shortages 127

  Using labour migration pathways is a key component in meeting labour shortages 130

  Overview of other mechanisms used to admit migrant care workers 136

  Impact on countries of origin 142

  Training, certification and qualification recognition processes 144

  Levers for improving retention of migrant care workers 148

  Conclusion and trade offs 152

  References 154

  Annex 4.A. Supplementary information 159

  Notes 164

5 The impact of migration on productivity growth 165

  In Brief 166

  Introduction 167

  Immigration, skills and productivity 172

  Immigration, investment and production choices 181

  Migrant innovation and entrepreneurship 184

  The allocation of immigrants across firms and sectors 192

  Policy discussion 200

  References 203

  Annex 5.A. Additional tables and figures 210

  Notes 216

6 Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies 217

Annex A. Statistical annex 301

List of the members of the OECD Expert Group on Migration 418

Composition of the OECD International Migration Division 419