국가전략정보포털

Title page

Contents

Forewords 5

Foreword from the Prime Minister 7

Foreword from the Secretary of State for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy 9

Executive Summary 11

What is net zero and why do we need to act? 13

Why should the UK act first? 14

Endnotes 33

Chapter 1. Why Net Zero 35

Levelling up the country, ending our domestic contribution to climate change, and leading the world to a greener, more sustainable future 37

Leading the world to a greener, more sustainable future 52

Endnotes 54

Chapter 2. The Journey to Net Zero 56

Endnotes 88

Chapter 3. Reducing Emissions across the Economy 90

3i. Power 91

3ii. Fuel Supply and Hydrogen 104

3iii. Industry 117

3iv. Heat & Buildings 132

3v. Transport 149

3vi. Natural Resources, Waste & F-Gases 164

3vii. Greenhouse Gas Removals 181

Endnotes 194

Chapter 4. Supporting the Transition across the Economy 201

4i. Innovation for net zero 202

4ii. Green Investment 212

4iii. Green Jobs, Skills, and Industries 225

4iv. Embedding Net Zero in Government 244

4v. Local Climate Action 256

4vi. Empowering the Public and Business to Make Green Choices 269

4vii. International Leadership and Collaboration 280

Endnotes 294

Technical Annex 300

Technical Annex 302

Endnotes 347

Climate Science Annex 356

Climate Science Annex 358

Endnotes 362

Figure 1. Indicative delivery pathway to 2037 by sector 17

Figure 2. UK vs Rest of G7 GDP and GHG Emissions 40

Figure 3. The role of each sector in the future net zero system 62

Figure 4. Example of a 'systems map' showing some interactions to consider in the roll out of electric vehicles 65

Figure 5. 2019 energy generation and end uses 67

Figure 6. High electrification scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 69

Figure 7. High electrification scenario: residual emissions in 2050 69

Figure 8. High resource scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 70

Figure 9. High resource scenario: residual emissions in 2050 70

Figure 10. High innovation scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 71

Figure 11. High innovation scenario: residual emissions in 2050 71

Figure 12. Indicative emissions reductions to meet UK carbon budgets and NDC 74

Figure 13. Indicative delivery pathway to 2037 by sector 75

Figure 14. Energy demands up to 2037 assumed by delivery pathway 79

Figure 15. Illustrative examples of deployment implied by the delivery pathway 81

Figure 16. high-level essential activity across sectors to 2035 86

Figure 17. Indicative power emissions pathway to 2037 94

Figure 18. Indicative fuel supply emissions pathway to 2037 106

Figure 19. Indicative industry emissions pathway to 2037 120

Figure 20. Indicative heat and buildings emissions pathway to 2037 137

Figure 21. Indicative domestic transport emissions pathway to 2037 151

Figure 22. Indicative international aviation and shipping emissions pathway to 2037 152

Figure 23. Indicative agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions pathway to 2037 167

Figure 24. Indicative waste and F-gas emissions pathway to 2037 168

Figure 25. Non-exhaustive illustration of the current portfolio of GGRs 183

Figure 26/Figure 28. Indicative greenhouse gas removal (negative) emissions pathway to 2037 185

Figure 27. Public Finance Interventions across the different stages of commercialisation 214

Figure 28. Low carbon sectors commercial maturity and associated capital requirements 216

Figure 29. Net emissions of carbon dioxide per capita by Local Authority (tonnes CO₂e per capita) in 2019 258

Figure 30. The sectoral S-curve 289

Annex Tables

Table 1. Accounting basis of UK climate targets 306

Table 2. Differences between Net Zero Strategy baseline and EEP 2019 reference case 308

Table 3. Net Zero Strategy sector definitions 310

Table 4. Illustrative total territorial emissions under the different scenarios 314

Table 5. Illustrative characteristics in 2050 315

Table 6. Projected emissions implied by pathway against current and future carbon budgets 317

Table 7. Provisional indicative range of the carbon account over the sixth carbon budget 318

Table 8. Sectoral emissions across the carbon budgets: MtCO2e per year (using AR5 with feedback GWPs) 319

Table 9. Sectoral emissions across the carbon budgets: MtCO2e per year (using AR5 without feedback GWPs) 320

Table 10. Deployment assumptions underpinning pathway 321

Table 11. Estimates of additional investment requirements for Net Zero Strategy pathway (£bn pa, undiscounted, 2020 prices) 324

Table 12. Estimate of jobs supported in Net Zero Strategy pathways, by sector and date 327

Table 13. Summary of wider considerations 328

Annex Figures

Figure 1. Net Zero Strategy baseline compared to EEP 201922 307